In diesem Dokument finden Sie eine Liste der wissenschaftlichen Literatur in Bezug auf Haarmineralanalyse (hair Tissue Mineral Analysis; hTMA). Die Liste hat keinen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit. Wir werden neue Literaturhinweise hinzufügen, sobald die entsprechenden Dokumente öffentlich zugänglich sind.

Inhalt

1. Zitate (Kommentare) aus Berichten und Forschungsarbeiten.

2. Bücher über Haarmineralanalyse (hTMA), Ernährung und das grundlegende Mineralstoffgleichgewicht.

3. Medizinische Fachzeitschriften, Artikel und Berichte.

Zitate (Kommentare) aus Berichten und Forschungsarbeiten.

Seit 1965 hat die Internationale Atomenergie-Organisation (IAEA) verschiedene Forschungsprogramme zur Untersuchung und Bestimmung von Spurenelementkonzentrationen im Haar umgesetzt. Diese Forschungsprogramme wurden unter der Bezeichnung „Atomare Methoden zur Analyse von Verunreinigungen im menschlichen Haar“ koordiniert. Die IAEA entschied sich für die Analyse anhand von Haar aufgrund der Mineralstoffkonzentration im Haar und der Informationen über externe und interne Kontamination, die im Haar enthalten sind. Der Großteil der Daten in Bezug auf Spurenelementkonzentrationen wurde aus Kopfhaarproben gewonnen.

Ryabukhin, T.S.: International Coordinated Program on Activation Analysis of Trace Element Pollutants in Human Hair. Hair, Trace Elements, and Human Illness. Brown, A. C.; Crounse, R. G., ed. Praeger Publications, 1980.

Bioassays von Haaren sind sinnvoll, da Haar ein wirksamer Biokonzentrator ist, Haarproben leicht gelagert werden können, die Konzentration einen integrierten Wert darstellt und schließlich, weil die Messung des (234)U/(238)U-Isotopenverhältnisses in aufgelöstem Haar mittels MC-ICPMS möglich und äußerst informativ ist.

Karpas Z, Lorber A, Sela H, Paz-Tal O, Hagag Y, Kurttio P, Salonen L., Measurement of the 234U/238U ratio by MC-ICPMS in drinking water, hair, nails, and urine as an indicator of uranium exposure source. Health Phys. 2005 Oct;89(4):315-21.

Menschliches Kopfhaar ist eine Faser, in der Stoffwechseländerungen vieler Elemente über lange Zeiträume gespeichert werden und untersucht werden können, sodass sich der Ernährung nachgelagerte Ereignisse verfolgen lassen.

Strain, W. H.; Pories, W. J.; Flynn, A.; Hill, O. A.: Trace Element Nutriture and Metabolism Through Head Hair Analysis. Trace Substances in Environmental Health. Hemphill, D. D., ed. University of Missouri Press, Columbia, 1972.

Es ist gut belegt, dass ein Mineralstoffmangel in der Ernährung die neurologische Entwicklung beeinträchtigen kann. Der Mangel einiger vorübergehender Nährstoffe in der Ernährung kann im späteren Leben zu Gesundheitsproblemen führen. Ein Übermaß kann jedoch ebenso schädlich sein. Zu diesen Nährstoffen zählen Eisen, Kupfer, Mangan, Zink und andere. Schwermetalle wie Blei, Cadmium, Quecksilber und Arsen sind gleichzeitig Neurotoxine und können die neuronale Entwicklung beeinträchtigen sowie der Gesundheit im späteren Leben schaden, wenn sie in frühen Lebensphasen präsent sind. Sie werden als fötale Krankheitsursachen bezeichnet. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Konzentration von Cadmium im Haar von Kindern mit geistiger Behinderung, Lernschwäche, Dyslexie und vermindertem IQ niedriger war als bei Referenzgruppen.

Metals and Neurotoxicology. Wright, RO, et al. J. Of Nutr. 138,12, 2007.

Mineralstoffanalysen von Haar, Blut und Urin bei Diabetespatienten zeigten im Vergleich zur nicht-diabetischen Kontrollgruppe, dass die durchschnittlichen Zink-, Mangan- und Chromwerte im Blut und Kopfhaar von Diabetikern signifikant niedriger waren. Auch höhere Kupfer- und Eisenwerte wurden im Kopfhaar der Diabetikergruppe festgestellt.

Copper, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Nickel and Zinc Levels in Biological Samples of Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Kazi, TS, et al. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 122,1, 2008.

Die statistische Bewertung dieser Daten mittels multivarianter Varianzanalyse (MANOVA) unter Verwendung einer Kontrastmatrix und mittels Diskriminanzanalyse hat gezeigt, dass elementare Haaranomalien zur korrekten Diagnose der oben genannten Pathologien herangezogen werden können. Dies ist ein Beleg für die Nützlichkeit der Haaranalyse als ergänzendes Mittel zum Nachweis von Störungen des Calcium-/Knochen-Stoffwechsels.

Miekeley, N., et al. Elemental Anomalies in Hair as Indicators of Endocrinologic Pathologies and Deficiencies in Calcium and Bone Metabolism., J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 15, 1, 2005

Der Konsens der meisten Menschen, die in diesem Feld arbeiten, ist, dass die Daten von Haarpoben zuverlässig sind, wenn diese korrekt entnommen, gereinigt, für die Analyse vorbereitet und mithilfe der besten Analysemethoden unter Verwendung der erforderlichen Standard- und Leerproben in einem sauberen und zuverlässigen Labor durch erfahrenes Personal analysiert werden.

Toxic Trace Metals in Mammalian Hair and Nails. United States Environmental Protection Agency Publication 1979; EPA-600/4: 79: 049

In einer Studie an Männern über einen Zeitraum von dreizehn Jahren wurde festgestellt, dass mit jedem im Haar nachgewiesenen Mikrogramm an Quecksilber das Risiko akuter koronarer Ereignisse um durchschnittlich elf Prozent und die Sterberate aufgrund von Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen um zehn Prozent steigt.

Mercury as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease. J. Nutr. Biochem. 18, 2007.

Ein Beispiel dafür, wie sich die Aufnahme von Mineralstoffen im Haar widerspiegelt, wurde in einer Studie an mehreren tausend irakischen Bauern gezeigt, deren Ernährungsplan stark mit Fungiziden behandeltes Getreide umfasste. Die Fungizide enthielten organisches Quecksilber, welches am stärksten im Haar vorhanden war, wenn der Konsum am höchsten war, und die niedrigsten Werte aufwies, wenn der Konsum am niedrigsten war. Die Konzentrationen im Haar wiesen eine direkte Korrelation mit dem Ausmaß der Symptome auf.

Al-Shahristani, H.; Al-Haddad, I. K.: Mercury Content of Hair From Normal and Poisoned Persons. J Radioanalytical Chem 1973; 15. Al-Shahristani, H.; Shihab, K. M.: Variation of Biological Half-Life of Methylmercury in Man. Arch Environ Health 1974; 28.

Haarproben aus fünf Ländern (USA, Kanada, VR China, Bangladesch und Nepal) mit bekannten Arsenquellen mit sowohl hoher als auch niedriger Konzentration wurden entnommen und analysiert. Die Arsenkonzentration in allen Haarproben korrelierte mit der Arsenbelastung des Trinkwassers und zeigte die geringe Aufnahme von Selen in Bereichen mit hohen Arsenkonzentrationen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen die Anwendbarkeit von Haaranalysen für das nicht-invasive Biomonitoring bei der Bewertung von ernährungsbedingter Se- und umweltbedingter As-Exposition.

Spallholz JE, Boylan LM, Palace V, Chen J, Smith L, Rahman MM, Robertson JD., Arsenic and Selenium in Human Hair; A comparison of Five Countries With and Without Arsenicosis., Biol Trace Elem Res. 2005 Aug;106(2):133-44.

Die Verbreitung von Spurenelementanalysen zur biologischen Erforschung von Ernhährungs,- Wachstums-, Entwicklungs- und Krankheitsprozessen hat dazu geführt, dass die Spurenelementanalyse (mittels Haaranalyse) nicht nur als Mittel zur Bewertung und Einschätzung zum aktuellen Zeitpunkt sondern auch als Technik zur Rekonstruktion zurückliegender biologischer Ereignisse im Organismus herangezogen wird.

Gilbert, R. I.: Trace Elements in Human Hair and Bone. Hair, Trace Elements and Human Illness Brown, A.C.; Crounse, R. G. ed. Praeger Publications, 1980.

Diese Studie wurde durchgeführt, um einen Zusammenhang zwischen Elementen im Serum, in den roten Blutkörperchen und im Haar herzustellen, und umfasste einhundertvierundsiebzig Kinder. Anhand von Tests wurden die Konzentrationen der Schwermetalle Cadmium und Blei sowie Calcium, Magnesium, Kupfer, Zink und Eisen gemessen. Die Konzentrationen von Cadmium und Blei lagen im Serum und in den roten Blutkörperchen innerhalb des zulässigen Bereichs, im Haar hingegen wurde das Maximum überschritten. Bei Kindern mit erhöhten Schwermetallwerten wurde eine Nahrungsergänzung mit Magnesium und Vitamine B6 gestartet. Nachsorgetests zeigten eine markante Verminderung der Blei- und Cadmiumkonzentration im Haar und in den Erythrozyten.

Concentrations of Selected Bioelements and Toxic Metals and Their Influence on Health Status of Children and Youth Residing in Szczecin. Kedzierska, E. Ann. Acad. Med. Stetin. 49, 2003.

Die Bedeutung der Haaranalyse als biologischer Indikator für die anormale Aufnahme von Spurenelementen beim Menschen wurde bestätigt. Geographische Variationen der Konzentrationen von Spurenelementen im Haar hängen im Großen und Ganzen von den geochemischen Bedingungen oder ernährungsbedingten Faktoren ab.

Batzevich VA., Hair trace element analysis in human ecology studies., Sci Total Environ. 1995 Mar 15;164(2):89-98.

Die Ergebnisse der Forschungsstudie zeigen, dass Haarmineralanalyse als diagnostisches Werkzeug bei der Untersuchung der Exposition gegenüber Spurenelementen sowie deren abnormaler Aufnahme über die Nahrung nützlich sein kann und möglicherweise beim Studium bestimmter mentaler Zustände hilfreich ist. Haarmineralanalyse kann Mineralstoffungleichgewichte im Körper aufzeigen, die evtl. durch Zugabe von Mineralstoffen im Rahmen des Ernährungsplans korrigiert werden können. Haarmetallanalyse ist ein faszinierendes, neues Diagnose-Werkzeug und liefert häufig unerwartete Hinweise auf Mineralstoffungleichgewichte im Körper. Die Autoren stützen sich bei dieser Aussage auf die Ergebnisse aus den bisher gesammelten Daten.

Barlow, P. J.; Kapel, M.: Metal and Sulfur Contents of Hair in Relation to Certain Mental States. Hair, Trace Elements, and Human Illness Brown, A.C.; Crounse, R. G., eds. Praeger Publications, 1980.

Durch Anwendung statistischer Mustererkennungsmethoden wurde festgestellt, dass die Konzentrationen von Spurenelementen im Haar die verschiedenen Genesungsphasen von NPC-Patienten erstaunlich gut widerspiegeln.

Leung PL, Huang HM., Following the recovery of naso-pharyngeal cancer patients by trace elements in hair using statistical pattern recognition methods., Biol Trace Elem Res. 1998 Jun;62(3):235-53.

Wir vermuten, dass der geänderte Status der Elemente Zn, Mg und Cu im Haar als Indikator bei der Diagnose von Epilepsiepatienten dienen kann.

Ilhan A, Uz E, Kali S, Var A, Akyol O., Serum and hair trace element levels in patients with epilepsy and healthy subjects: does the antiepileptic therapy affect the element concentrations of hair?, Eur J Neurol. 1999 Nov;6(6):705-9.

Quecksilber, Cadmium und andere Schwermetalle haben eine starke Fähigkeit zur Bindung mit Thiolgruppen und inaktivieren Enzymreaktionen, Aminosäuren und schwefelhaltige Antioxidantien. Cadmiumkonzentrationen in den Nieren verursachen Nierenfunktionsstörung und fördern Bluthochdruck aufgrund von Natriumretention, Glucoseunverträglichkeit, Dyslipidämie und Zinkmangel. Die Schwermetalltoxizität sollte bei jedem Patienten mit Hypertension, Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankung oder anderen Gefäßerkrankungen beurteilt werden. Es sollten spezifische Tests auf akute und chronische Toxizität sowie die Gesamtbelastung des Körpers anhand von Haar, Nägeln, Urin und Serum mit Vergleichswert und provozierter Bewertung durchgeführt werden.

The Role of Mercury and Cadmium Heavy Metals In Vascular Disease, Hypertension, Coronary Heart Disease and Myocardial Infarction. Houston, MC. Altern. Ther. Health Med. 13,2,2007.

Verschiedene Änderungen der Menge von Spurenelementen in biologischen Proben von Patienten mit idiopathischer Skoliose sind nicht zufällig. Was zu einer Wissensverschiebung führen könnte, ist die Speziierung verschiedener Formen von Spurenelementen im Organismus im Zusammenhang mit idiopathischer Skoliose.

Changes of Selenium, Copper and Zinc Content in Hair and Serum of Patients with Idiopathic Scoliosis. Dastych, M, et al. 2008 Orthopedic Research Society. Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Orthop. Res.

Woraus Haar besteht, hängt von den Substanzen ab, die von externen Quellen und aus dem Blut aufgenommen werden.

Hopps, H. C.: The Biological Bases for Using Hair and Nail for Analysis of Trace Elements. Sci Tot Environ 1977; 7.

Mithilfe der Analyse von Blut, abgesonderten Nebenprodukten und menschlichem Haar kann die Menge an Elementen im Körper bestimmt werden.

Pihl, R. O.; Drake, H.; Vrana, F. Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.: Hair Analysis in Learning and Behavior Problems. Hair, Trace Elements, and Human Illness. Brown, A. C.; Crounse, R. G., eds. Praeger Publications, 1980.

Es wurde also beobachtet, dass es eine positive Korrelation zwischen der Menge an Elementen im Haar und in den Nägeln einerseits und KHK, Bluthochdruck und Diabetes der betroffenen Patienten andererseits gibt.

Sukumar A, Subramanian R., Elements in hair and nails of urban residents of New Delhi. CHD, hypertensive, and diabetic cases., Biol Trace Elem Res. 1992 Jul;34(1):89-97.

Die Chromwerte im Haar wurden bei einer Population gesunder älterer Menschen und einer gleichaltrigen Vergleichsgruppe mit Typ-2-Diabetes analysiert. In der Diabetes-Gruppe wurden niedrigere Chromwerte im Haar beobachtet.

Longitudinal Hair Chromium Profiles of Elderly Subjects with Normal Glucose Tolerance and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Stupar, J., et al. Metabolism. 56,1, 2007.

Ein Hybrid-Algorithmus wurde für den Vergleich der Mineralstoffe im Haar einer Gruppe gesunder Menschen mit denen von Diabetikern angewandt und stellte sich als guter Symptomindex zur Feststellung von Menschen mit Typ-2-Diabetes heraus.

Hybrid Progressive Algorithm to Recognize Type II Diabetes Based on Hair Mineral Contents. Huang, H, et al. Conf. Proc. IEEE, Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. 5, 2005.

Die Blei- und Quecksilberwerte wurden in einundachzig Haar- und Blutproben ermittelt, die Neugeborenen bei der Geburt entnommen wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass Quecksilber und Blei im Haar negativ mit der Calciumpumpenaktivität in den Erythrozyten von Mutter und Nabelschnur korrelieren.

Hair Mercury Negatively Correlates with Calcium Pump Activity in Maternal and Cord Blood Erythrocytes. Huel, G, et al. Environ. Hlth. Perspect. 116,2, 2008.

Es wurde ein Zusammenhang zwischen höheren Magnesiumwerten im Serum und niedrigerer Kochenmineraldichte an der Wirbelsäule festgestellt. Gleichzeitig gab es einen Zusammenhang zwischen höheren Magnesiumwerten im Haar und höherer Kochenmineraldichte. Laut Schlussfolgerung der Studie bestand ein Zusammenhang zwischen Magnesium im Serum und Haar einerseits und der Knochenmineraldichte bei prämenopausalen Frauen andererseits, wobei das Calcium/Magnesium-Verhältnis im Serum ein signifikanter Indikator für die Kochendichte zu sein scheint.

Associations of Calcium and Magnesium in Serum and Hair with Bone Mineral Density in Premenopausal Women. Song, CH, et al. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 118, 1, 2007.

Die Werte für Eisen, Zink und Selen im Haar waren im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe niedriger in der Studiengruppe aus zweiundfünfzig Kindern mit diagnostizierter Anämie.

Serum and Hair Levels of Zinc, Selenium, Iron, and Copper in Children with Iron Deficiency Anemia. Gugoze, MK, et al. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 111, 2006.

Die Zink-Analyse kürzlich gewachsenen Haares dient als Biomarker für den Zink-Status der letzten Zeit.

Rush E, Li L, Chandu V, Whiting R., Hair zinc concentrations not subject to seasonal variation in adults in New Zealand., Biol Trace Elem Res. 2003 Dec;95(3):193-202.

Diese Daten bestätigen, dass die Zn-Haaranalyse zusätzlich zu konventionellen Methoden bei der Bewertung des Ernährungsstatus von Menschengruppen verwendet werden kann.

Contiero E, Folin M., Trace elements nutritional status. Use of hair as a diagnostic tool., Biol Trace Elem Res. 1994 Feb;40(2):151-60.

Es wurde berichtet, dass die Mengen bestimmter wichtiger Spurenelemente in der Ernährung den Konzentrationen der Elemente im Haar entsprechen.

Reinhold, J. G.; Kfoury, G. A.; Ghalambor, M. A.; Jean, C.: Zinc and Copper Concentrations in Hair of Iranian Villagers. Am J Clin Nutr 1966; 18. Strain, W. H.; Steadman, L. T.; Lankau, C. A.; Berliner, W. P.; Pories, W. J.: Analysis of Zinc Levels in Hair for the Diagnosis of Zinc Deficiency in Man. J Lab Clin Med 1966; 68.

Bei mehr als dreihundert erwachsenen Frauen mit niedrigem, mittlerem bis hohem BMI wurde eine Haarmineralanalyse durchgeführt. Zwischen Frauen mit niedrigem BMI und Frauen mit hohem BMI wurden signifikante Unterschiede bei den Zinkwerten festgestellt. Die adipöse Gruppe wies die niedrigsten Zinkwerte sowie die niedrigsten Verhältnisse von Natrium/Kalium, Eisen/Kupfer und Zink/Kupfer auf. …wir vermuten, dass die Konzentrationen von Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, K, Na und Zn im Haar mit dem BMI erwachsener Frauen korrelieren, es sind jedoch weitere Studien erforderlich.

Wang, CT, et al., Concentrations of Calcium, Copper, Iron, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium and Zinc in Adult Females hair with Different Body Mass Indexes in Taiwan., Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 43, 4, 2005

Die Mengen an Blei, Cadmium und Nickel in Kopfhaar-, Blut- und Urinproben war bedeutend höher bei Gruppen exponierter Arbeiter im Vergleich zu denen einer Kontrollgruppe. Die Feststellung toxischer Metalle in biologischen Proben von Menschen ist ein wichtiges, klinisches Screeningverfahren.

Evaluation of Toxic Metals in Biological Samples (Scalp Hair, Blood and Urine) of Steel Mill Workers by Electrothermal Atomic Adsorption Spectrometry. Afridi, HI, et al. Toxicol. Ind. Hlth. 9, 2006.

Die Mineralstoffmengen von einhundertzwanzig männlichen Lungenkrebspatienten wurden mit denen einer Kontrollgruppe aus einhundertfünfzig Studienteilnehmern verglichen. Die Studie zeigte, dass die durchschnittliche Cadmiumkonzentration im Blut und Kopfhaar von Lungenkrebspatienten in verschiedenen Stadien im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe erhöht war.

Determination of Cadmium in Whole Blood and Scalp Hair Samples of Pakistani Male Lung Cancer Patients by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Kazi, TG, et al. Sci. Total Environ. 389,2, 2008.

Haarmineralanalysen von einhundertzwanzig Menschen wurden durchgeführt. In der Behandlungsgruppe wurden Magnesium und Vitamin B6 als Ergänzungsmittel verabreicht. Die Kontrollgruppe erhielt Placebos. Wiederholte Haarmineralanalyse zeigte, dass sich die Ergänzungsmittel positiv auswirkten. Die Magnesiummenge im Haar erhöhte sich, während sich die Schwermetalle Blei und Cadmium signifikant verringerten. Die oben genannten Ergebnisse zeigen den positiven Einfluss einer Nahrungsmittelergänzung mit Magnesium auf die Verringerung der Blei- und Cadmiummengen im Haar bei den untersuchten Personen.

Kozielec T, Salacka A, Karakiewicz B., The influence of magnesium supplementation on concentrations of chosen bioelements and toxic metals in adult human hair. Magnesium and chosen bioelements in hair., Magnes Res. 2004 Sep;17(3):183-8.

Die Analyse zeigte, dass die Konzentrationen von Ca, Fe und Zn im Haar die Auswirkungen der Nahrungsmittelergänzung widerspiegelten.

Leung PL, Huang HM, Sun DZ, Zhu MG., Hair concentrations of calcium, iron, and zinc in pregnant women and effects of supplementation., Biol Trace Elem Res. 1999 Sep;69(3):269-82.

Eines dieser Verfahren, welches zumindest für die Bestimmung der Aufnahme von Spurenelementen über die Nahrung großes Potenzial gezeigt hat…. ist die Verwendung von Haar als biologische Probe. Ein möglicherweise noch wichtigerer Vorteil könnte sein, dass Haar aufgrund der Beschaffenheit der Probe einen langfristigen Ernährungszustand statt nur die kürzlich aufgenommene Nahrung (d. h. vorherige Mahlzeit oder Vortag) widerspiegelt.

Sauberlich, H. E.; Scala, J. H. Department of Nutrition, Letterman Army Institute of Research, San Francisco, California. Dowdy, R. P. Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Food Systems Management, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri

Haar kann eine lückenlose Aufzeichnung des Ernährungsstatus liefern.

Maugh, T. H. Hair: A Diagnostic Tool to Complement Blood Serum and Urine. Science1978; 202.

Es wurde eine positive Korrelation zwischen dem Selengehalt in Nabelschnur-Blutproben und dem Haar von Neugeborenen festgestellt. Darüber hinaus wurde eine Korrelation zwischen Gebärmutter- und Nabelschnurblut sowie zwischen Nabelschnurblut und mütterlichem Blut festgestellt.

Selenium Levels in Related Biological Samples: Human Placenta, Maternal and Umbilical Cord Blood, Hair and Nails. Lorenzo, A, et al. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 19,1, 2005.

Änderungen der Eisenkonzentrationen im Haar gingen einher mit vergleichbaren Änderungen der Konzentrationen der Marker, die am häufigsten zur Diagnose und Überwachung von Eisenmangel verwendet werden. Die Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass die Quantifizierung des Eisens im Haar bei der Bewertung des Eisenstatus im Körper nützlich sein könnte.

Bisse E, Renner F, Sussmann S, Scholmerich J, Wieland H., Hair iron content: possible marker to complement monitoring therapy of iron deficiency in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel diseases?, Clin Chem. 1996 Aug;42(8 Pt 1):1270-4.

Die Calciumkonzentration stand in Verbindung mit dem Risiko von KHK auf Populationsbasis und wies einen starken Zusammenhang mit der Wasserhärte der Wasserversorgung und den jährlichen Sonnenstunden auf, welche darüber hinaus unabhängig die SMR für KHK beeinflussten.

MacPherson A, Bacso J., Relationship of hair calcium concentration to incidence of coronary heart disease., Sci Total Environ. 2000 Jun 8;255(1-3):11-9.

In dieser Studie wurden die Calcium- und Magnesiumwerte von Patienten mit diagnostizierter Fibromyalgie im Vergleich zu einer entsprechenden Kontrollgruppe untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten in der betroffenen Gruppe signifikant höhere Calcium- und Magnesiumwerte im Haar. Wilcoxon-Rangsummentests zeigten, dass Patienten mit Fibromyalgie signifikant höhere Calcium- und Magnesiumwerte aufwiesen als die Patienten der Kontrollgruppe mit einem alpha von 0,025 bzw. 0,05.

Ng SY., Hair calcium and magnesium levels in patients with fibromyalgia: a case center study., J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999 Nov-Dec;22(9):586-93.

Die Zink- und Kupferkonzentrationen im Haar und Urin von Patienten, die aufgrund von Myokardinfarkt (MI) ins Krankenhaus eingeliefert wurden, wurden gemessen. Die Mineralstoffkonzentrationen wurden auch bei Nachkommen der Patienten gemessen und mit einer Kontrollgruppe verglichen. Die Studie lässt vermuten, dass bei MI-Patienten ein genetisch bedingtes Mineralstoffungleichgewicht in einem jüngeren Alter herangezogen werden kann, um die Anfälligkeit für Herzerkrankungen vor dem Auftreten und der Diagnose bei asymptomatischen Patienten vorherzusagen.

Detection of Potentially Myocardial Infarction Susceptible Individuals in Indian Population: A Mathematical Model Based on Copper and Zinc Status. Taneja, SK, et al. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 75, 2000.

Es wurde geschlussfolgert, dass die Haarmetallanalyse bei Proben nahe der Kopfhaut durch externe Kontaminationsquellen nicht ernsthaft invalidiert wird.

Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc Concentration in Human Scalp and Pubic Hair. Wilhelm, M, et al. Instit, Toxicol. Univ. of Dussseldorf, W. Wermany. 199-206, Vol. 92, 1990.

Frauen mit Nickel-Empfindlichkeit wiesen im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe signifikant höhere Mengen an Nickel in Nägeln, Haar und Plasma auf.

Nickel in Nails, Hair and Plasma from Nickel-Hypersensitive Women. Gammelgaard, et al. Acta. Derm. Venereol. 417, Vol. 70, 1990.

Hohe Mengen an Quecksilber im Haar können ein Risikofaktor für akute koronare Ereignisse, Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen und KHK sein, welche sämtlich die Sterblichkeit von Männern mittleren Alters im östlichen Finnland erhöhen.

Virtanen JK, Voutilainen S, Rissanen TH, Mursu J, Tuomainen TP, Korhonen MJ, Valkonen VP, Seppanen K, Laukkanen JA, Salonen JT., Mercury, fish oils, and risk of acute coronary events and cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality in men in eastern Finland., Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Jan;25(1):228-33. Epub 2004 Nov 11.

Die elementare Analyse von Haar wird bei der Beurteilung des Ernährungsstatus immer beliebter.

Katz, S. A. Professor of Chemistry, Rutgers University.: The Use of Hair as a Biopsy Material for Trace Elements in the Body. Am Lab 1979; Feb.

In Bezug auf manche Faktoren (Alter, Geschlecht, Gesundheit, Arbeit usw.) ist die Ursache für die Änderung der Menge an Spurenelementen offensichtlich, während der Einfluss anderer Faktoren (Haarstruktur, Größe und Gewicht des Patienten usw.) unbekannt ist. Für eine effektive Auswertung, Gültigkeit und Anwendung der Ergebnisse von Haaranalysen müssen zum Zeitpunkt der Untersuchung unbedingt alle Faktoren berücksichtigt werden.

Sukumar A., Factors influencing levels of trace elements in human hair., Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2002;175:47-78.

Forschungsarbeiten stützen die Sichtweise, dass die Menge an Spurenelementen in Haar und Nägeln die Aufnahme durch den Körper widerspiegeln. Daher lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass Haar und Nägel geeignete Proben zur Beurteilung der Reserven des Körpers sind.

Hopps, H. C.: The Biological Bases for Using Hair and Nail for Analysis of Trace Elements. Trace Substances In Environmental Health VIII. Hemphill, D.D., ed. University of Missouri, Columbia. 1974.

Dieser Referenzbereich von Spurenelementen in den Mähnenhaaren von Rennpferden sollte zur Bewertung von Erkrankungen und des Ernährungsstatus in Pferdepraxen herangezogen werden.

Asano R, Suzuki K, Otsuka T, Otsuka M, Sakurai H., Concentrations of toxic metals and essential minerals in the mane hair of healthy racing horses and their relation to age., J Vet Med Sci. 2002 Jul;64(7):607-10.

Konzentrationen im Haar können nützliche Informationen über die langfristige Ernährung liefern.

Casey, C. E.; Hambidge, K. M.: Trace Element Deficiencies in Man. Advances In Nutritional Research Vol.3. Draper, H. H., ed. Plenum Pub., 1980. Hambidge, K. M.; Walravens, P.A.: Trace Elements in Nutrition. Prac Ped 1974, 1:1

Die Patienten wurden in drei Gruppen mit jeweils zehn Patienten eingeteilt. Eine Gruppe wurde zwei Jahre, eine Gruppe vier Jahre und eine Gruppe sechs Jahre nach Implantation einer Totalendoprothese des Hüftgelenks untersucht. Hohe Mengen an Titan und Aluminium wurden insbesondere in der nach sechs Jahren untersuchten Gruppe im Haar gefunden, während die Menge der drei Ionen im Blut und Urin nicht signifikant war.

Trinchi V, Nobis M, Cecchele D., Emission spectrophotometric analysis of titanium, aluminum, and vanadium levels in the blood, urine, and hair of patients with total hip arthroplasties., Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1992;18(3):331-9.

Die Studie lässt hoffen, dass Selen im Haar zur Überwachung niedriger Selen-Expositionen am Arbeitsplatz verwendet werden kann.

Srivastava AK, Gupta BN, Bihari V, Gaur JS, Mathur N., Hair selenium as a monitoring tool for occupational exposures in relation to clinical profile., J Toxicol Environ Health. 1997 Aug 8;51(5):437-45.

Die Ergebnisse des Qualitätssicherungsprogramms, welches 31 Teilnehmer auf vier Kontinenten umfasste, wurden beschrieben. Von den teilnehmenden Laboren halten 92 % konstant die QS/QK-Leistungsgrenzen für die Bestimmung von Hg im menschlichen Haar ein.

Gill US, Schwartz HM, Bigras L., Results of multiyear international interlaboratory comparison program for mercury in human hair., Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2002 Nov;43(4):466-72.

Die Konzentrationen von Ca, Fe, Cu und Zn im Haar waren in den drei Gruppen von Schwangeren niedriger oder signifikant niedriger als in den Kontrollgruppen. In den Seren waren die Unterschiede in den meisten Fällen nicht statistisch signifikant.

Huang HM, Leung PL, Sun DZ, Zhu MG., Hair and serum calcium, iron, copper, and zinc levels during normal pregnancy at three trimesters., Biol Trace Elem Res. 1999 Aug;69(2):111-20.

Es gibt heute umfangreiche Literatur über die Verwendung von Haar in der Forensik, bei der Diagnose von Krankheitszuständen und Bewertung des Ernährungsstatus.

Stevens, B. J.: Determination of Aluminum, Copper, and Zinc in Human Hair. Atomic Spectroscopy 1983; 4:45

Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Kupferkonzentrationen im Haar insofern mit dem Schweregrad korrelieren könnten, dass bei höherer Kupferbelastung ein schwererer Autismus vorliegt. Die Mengen an Blei und Quecksilber waren bei der betroffenen Gruppe ebenfalls erhöht und stiegen abhängig vom Schweregrad an. Die Selen- und Magnesiumwerte unterschieden sich signifikant in der niedrigfunktionalen Gruppe von Kindern im Vergleich zu anderen Kindern der betroffenen Gruppe sowie der Kontrollgruppe.

Priya, L, Geetha, A. Level of Trace Elements (Copper, Zinc, Magnesium and Selenium) and Toxic Elements (Lead and Mercury) in the Hair and Nail of Children with Autism. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 2010.

hTMA ist ein guter Indikator für die Exposition gegenüber Uran. Ohne diese Tests wären viele Menschen unbewusst nicht nur Schwermetallen wie Uran und anderen Metallen sondern auch Radongas ausgesetzt worden.

Kehagia, K, et al. Hair Analysis as an Indicator of Exposure to Uranium. Radial.Prot. Dosimetry. Nov. 2010.

Es wurde gezeigt, dass sowohl ein Mangel als auch ein Übermaß an Spurenelementen die Pathogenese von Schilddrüsenerkrankungen fördern.

Hair Trace Elements in Patients with Goiter. Farkhutdinova, LM, et al. Klin Lab Diagn. Aug. (8) 2006.

Ein Ungleichgewicht der Spurenelemente kann die biologischen Prozesse beeinträchtigen und steht im Zusammenhang mit vielen Krankheitsprozessen.

Rahman, A. et al. Zinc, Manganese, Calcium, Copper and Cadmium Level in Scalp Hair Samples of Schizophrenic Patients. Biol.Trace Elem. Res. 127,2, 2009.

Im Rahmen des metabolischen Syndroms könnten die optimalen Calcium- und Magnesiumkonzentrationen ein vermindertes Risiko für das metabolische Syndrom widerspiegeln.

Hair Tissue Mineral Analysis and Metabolic Syndrome. Park, SB, et al. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 130,3, 2009.

Die Forschungsergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass manche Mineralstoffe wie Arsen, Selen und wahrscheinlich Iod, Zink, Natrium und Vanadium zur Regulierung von Krebs beitragen und dass eine Metallom-Studie unter Verwendung mehrfacher logistischer Regressionsanalyse ein nützliches Hilfsmittel zur Bestimmung des Krebsrisikos ist.

Metallomics Study Using Hair Mineral Analysis and Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis: Relationship Between Cancer and Minerals. Yasuda, H, et al. Environ. Health Prev.Med. 24,5, 2009.

Es wird mehr und mehr anerkannt, dass Schwermetalle als Mediatoren bzw. Faktoren bei der Entwicklung oder Progression von Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen fungieren und dass ein Mangel, fehlende homöostatische Kontrolle oder eine übermäßige Einnahme mancher Metalle die Sterblichkeit im Zusammenhang mit Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen steigern kann.

Afridi, HI., et al. Evaluation of Toxic Elements in Scalp Hair Samples of Myocardial Infarction Patients at Different Stages as Related to Controls. Biol. Trace Elem. Res.134, 1, 2010.

Es wurde festgestellt, dass zwischen den Bleimengen im Haar und im Körper eine solide Korrelation besteht.

Black AP, Knight R, Batty J, Haswell SJ, Lindow SW., An analysis of maternal and fetal hair lead levels., BJOG. 2002 Nov;109(11):1295-7.

________________________________________

Bücher über Haarmineralanalyse (hTMA) und das grundlegende Mineralstoffgleichgewicht

• Bland, J, Hair Tissue Mineral Analysis, An Emergent Diagnostic Technique, Thorsons Publishing, 1984.
• Body Chemistry and Behavior, A Course Manual,American Institute For Biosocial Research.
• Brown, AC and Crounse, RG, Hair, Trace Elements, and Human Illness, Praeger Publishers, 1980.
• Casdorph, HR and Walker, M, Toxic Metal Syndrome, Avery Publishing, 1995.
• Chatsworth, L and Chatsworth, C, Energy, Healthview Publishing, 1985.
• Chatt, A, Katz, SS, Hair Analysis: Applications in the Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, VCH Publishing, 1989.
• Davies, IJT, The Clinical Significance of the Essential Biological Metals, C.C. Thomas, 1972.
• Droesti, I, Smith, R, Neurobiology of the Trace Elements, Volumes I and II, Humana Press, 1983.
• Eck P., Toxic Metals in Human Health and Disease, Eck Institute of Applied Nutrition and Bioenergetics, Ltd.,1989.
• Eck P., Healthview Newsletter, Interview #27-29, Healthview, 1981.
• Eck P., Watts D., The Most Commonly Asked Questions About Hair Analysis, Eck Institute of Applied Nutrition and Bioenergetics, Ltd., 1983.
• Eck P., Watts D., et al., Healthscope Newsletter, Issues 1-22, The Eck Institute of Applied Nutrition and Bioenergetics, Ltd., 1982-1985.
• Eck, P, The Mineral Approach To Metabolic Dysfunctions, an interview, Analytical Research Labs, 1982.
• Eck, P, Watts D., Foreman, D, Lifting The Cloak Of Mystery From Hair Analysis: A New Approach, Analytical Research Labs, 1982.
• Frompovich, CJ, Understanding Body Chemistry and Hair Mineral Analysis, C.J. Frompovich, 1982.
• Gittleman, AL, Why Am I Always So Tired, Harper San Francisco, 1999.
• Goyer, RA et al, Medical Toxicology, Academic Press, 1995.
• Hemphill, DD, Cothern, CR and Beck, B, Trace Substances in Environmental Health, Annual Conferences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 1972-1992.
• Kutsky, R, Handbook of Vitamins, Minerals and Hormones, 2nd edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981.
• Leek, R, Hair Analysis, R. Leek, 1980.
• Malter, R, The Strands of Health; A Guide To Understanding Hair Mineral Analysis, Education & Health Resources of Arizona, Cottonwood, AZ 2002.
• Passwater, RA and Cranton, EM, Trace Minerals, Hair Analysis and Nutrition, Keats Publishing, 1983.
• Pfeiffer, CC, Mental and Elemental Nutrients, Keats Publishing, 1975.
• Pfeiffer, CC, Zinc and other Micronutrients, Keats Publishing, 1978.
• Seven, MJ (ed.), Metal Binding in Medicine, Philadelphia, Lippincott 1960; 321.
• United States Environmental Protection Agency, Toxic Trace Metals in Mammalian Hair and Nails, EPA-600 4.79-049, August 1979.
• Valkovic, V, Human Hair Vol. 1. Fundamentals and Methods for Measurement of Elements Composition, CRC Press, 1988.
• Valkovic, V, Human Hair, Vol II. Trace-Element Levels, CRC Press. 1988.
• Werbach, M, Nutritional Influences on Illness, Third Line Press, 1993 2nd Edition. (with Laboratory Methods For Nutritional Evaluation)
• Watts, DL, Trace Elements and Other Essential Nutrients, T.E.I., 1995.
• Albrecht, WA, The Albrecht Papers, Acres U.S.A., 1975.
• Andersen, BD, The Rhythms of Nature, Harmonic Spiral, 1st edition, 1999.
• Atkins, RC, The Atkins Health Revolution, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1988.
• Bernard, C, An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine, Collier Books, 1961.
• Braunwald, E et al, ed., Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 15th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2001.
• Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Mercury, and Zinc Concentrations in the Hair of Individuals Living in the United States. Interface. 1973.
• Clarkson TW, et al, Monitoring Of Toxic Metals, Plenum Publishing Co., NY, 1988.
• Cleave, TL The Saccharine Disease, Keats Publishing, 1975.
• Crook, WG, The Yeast Connection Handbook, Professional Books, 1999.
• Davies, IJT, The Clinical Significance of the Essential Biological Metals, M.B., London, 1921.
• Douglass, WC, The Milk of Human Kindness is Not Pasteurized, Copple House Books, 1985.
• Douglass, WC, Into the Light, Second Opinion Publishing, 1993.
• Gerson, M, A Cancer Therapy – Results of 50 Cases, 3rd edition, Totality Books, 1977.
• Gerson, C, Bishop, B, Healing The Gerson Way, Totality Books, 2007.
• Gutherie, HA, Introductory Nutrition, V. C. Mosby Co., St. Louis, 1975.
• Guyton, A, Textbook of Medical Physiology, W.B. Saunders Co., 1995.
• Hall, RH, Food For Naught, The Decline in Nutrition, Vintage Books, 1974.
• Harper, NA, Rodwell, VW, Myers, PA: Review of Physiological Chemistry, Lange Med. Publications, Los Altos, Ca, 94022, 1979.
• Hoffer, A, Walker, M, Orthomolecular Nutrition, Keats Publishing, 1978.
• Hubbard, LR, Clear Mind, Clear Body, Bridge Publications, 1990, 2002.
• Jensen, B, The Chemistry of Man, B. Jensen, 1983.
• Jensen, B, The Science and Practice of Iridology, B. Jensen, 1974.
• Jensen, B, You Can Master Disease, B. Jensen, 1952.
• Kelley, WD, One Answer to Cancer, 1980, 1997.
• Kervan, CL, Biological Transmutations, Beekman Publishers, 1980.
• Kirschmann, JD, Nutrition Almanac, McGraw-Hill , 1979.
• Koch, W, The Survival Factor in Neoplastic and Viral Diseases, 1961. (and all his other works)
• Mandell, M, Scanlow, LW, Dr. Mandell’s 5-day Allergy Relief System, Pocket Books, New York, 1979.
• Mertz.W, ed., Trace elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 5th ed, Academic Press, New York, 1980.
• McVicker, M, Sauna Detoxification Therapy, McFarland & Company, 1997.
• Nickel, DJ, Nutritional consultant’s manual of quick fixes, Analyt. Res. Labs., 1992.
• Ott, JN, Health and Light, The Effects of Natural and Artificial Light on Man and Other Living Things, Pocket Books, 1976.
• Pauling, L, Vitamin C, The Common Cold and the Flu, W.H. Freeman and Co., 1976.
• Page, M, Degeneration-Regeneration, Nutritional Development, 1980.
• Pearson, D, Shaw, S, Life Extension, Warner Books, 1983.
• Prasad, AS, Trace Elements and Iron in Human Metabolism, Plenum Publishing, New York, 1978.
• Price, W, Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, Price-Pottenger Nutrition Foundation, 1945, 1979.
• Rapp, DJ, Is This Your Child’s World?, Bantam Books, 1996.
• Rapp, DJ, Is This Your Child? 1991.
• Rapp, DJ, Our Toxic World: A Wake Up Call, 2003.
• Rogers, S, Detoxify or Die, Sand Key Company, 2002.
• Ryan R, Terry C. Toxicology Desk Reference: The Toxic Exposure and Medical Monitoring Index, 3rd ed., Taylor & Francis; 1996.
• Sauberlich, HE et al., Laboratory Tests For The Assessment Of Nutritional Status, CRC Press, 1984.
• Schroeder, H, The Trace Elements and Man, Devin-Adair Company, 1975.
• Schroeder, H, The Poisons Around Us, Keats Publishing Inc., New Canaan, Connecticut, 06840, 1974.
• Schroeder, H., Pollution, Profits and Progress, Stephen Greene Press, VT, 1971., Also A Matter of Choice, the Big Water Fight and America Vanishing by H. Schroeder.
• Scogna, JR, The Promethian, LEP Publications, 1983.
• Seelig, MS, Magnesium Deficiency in the Pathogenesis of Disease, Plenum Publishing, New York, 1980.
• Selye, H, The Stress of Life, McGraw-Hill , 1956.
• Selye, H, Stress Without Distress, Signet Books, 1975.
• Schmidt, MA, Smith, LH and Sehnert, KW, Beyond Antibiotics, Healthier Options for Families, North Atlantic Books, 1993.
• Schutte, KH and Myers, JA, Metabolic Aspects of Health, Discovery Press, 1979.
• Segala, M, Disease Prevention and Treatment, Life Extension Foundation, 2000.
• Smith, E et al., Principles of Biochemistry, Vols. I and II, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, 1978.
• Stryer, L, Biochemistry, 2nd edition, W.H. Freeman and Company, 1981.
• Sylver, N, The Holistic Handbook of Sauna Therapy, The Center For Frequency, NY 2004.
• Tsalev DL. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in Occupational and Environmental Health Practice. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 1995.
• Watson, G, Nutrition and Your Mind, Bantam books, 1972.
• Watson, G, Personality Strength and Psycho-Chemical Energy, Harper and Row, 1979.
• Williams, RJ, Nutrition Against Disease, Environmental Protection, Pitman Publishing, 1971.
________________________________________

Verwendung von Haarmineralanalysen in Artikeln für wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen

• Abraham, JL, Trace elements in hair, Lancet, 1982 Sep 4;2(8297):554–555.
• Abugassa I, Sarmani SB, Samat SB. Multi element analysis of human hair and kidney stones by instrumental neutron activation analysis with the ko-standardization method. Appl Rad Isotopes. 1999; 50:989-94.
• Aharoni A, Tesler B, Paltieli Y, Tal JH, Dori Z, Sharf M. Hair chromium content of women with gestational diabetes compared with nondiabetic pregnant women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992; 55:104-7.
• Ahmed AF, Elmubarak AH. Lead and cadmium in human hair: a comparison among four countries. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1990 Jul; 45(1):139-48.
• Airey D. Total mercury concentrations in human hair from 13 countries in relation to fish consumption and location. Sci Tot Environ. 1983; 31:157-80.
• Airey, D, Mercury in human hair due to environment and diet: a review. Environ Health Persp., 1983;52:303-316.
• Al-Delaimy W et al. Nicotine in hair of bar and restaurant workers. N Z Med J. 2001 Mar 9;
• Allen, RB, Nutritional aspects of epilepsy, Int Clinical Nutrition Review, 1983;3(3), July, 1983.
• Amodor, M, et al., Hair zinc concentrations in diabetic children, Lancet, 1975;2(7945):1146
• Anderson RA et al. Designing a biological monitoring program to assess community exposure to chromium: conclusions of an expert panel. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1993; 40:555-83.
• Anderson, RA, Chromium as an essential nutrient for humans, Regul Tox Pharm., 1997;26:S35-S41.
• Anderson, RA, Kozlovsky, AS, Chromium intake, absorption and excretion of subjects consuming self-selected diets, Am J Cllin Nutr., 1985;41:1177-83.
• Anttila, J and Simell, O, Serum and Hair Zinc as Predictors of Clinical Symptoms in Acrodermatitis Enteropathica. J Inher Metab Dis., 1984;7:46-48.
• Ashmead, H, Tissue transportation of organic trace minerals, J Appl Nutr., 1970;22:1-2.
• Ashraf W, Jaffar M, Mohammad D. Age and sex dependence of selected trace metals in scalp hair of urban population of Pakistan. Sci Total Environ. 1994 Jul 18; 151(3):227-33.
• Ashraf W, Jaffar M, Mohammad D. Trace metal contamination study on scalp hair of occupationally exposed workers. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1994 Oct; 53(4):516-23.
• Ashraf, MH, Fosmire, CJ, Effects of marginal zinc deficiency on subclinical lead toxicity in the rat neonate, Penn State U., Univ. Park, PA 16802. #4481.
• Assarlan, GS, Oberleas, D, Effect of washing procedures on trace element content of hair, Clin Chem., 1977;23(9):1771-1772.
• Atalla L, Silva CM, Lima FW. Activation analysis of arsenic in human hair – some observations on the problems of external contamination. Ann Acad Bras Cien. 1965; 37:432-41.
• Attar KM, Abdel-Aal MA, Debayle P. Distribution of trace elements in the lipid and nonlipid matter of hair. Clin Chem. 1990 Mar; 36(3):477-80.
• Aufreiter, S, Hancock, RG, Pigmentation and temporal effects on trace elements in hair, Biol Trace Elem Res., 1990;26-27:721-728.
• Bache CA, Lisk DJ, Scarlett JM, Carbone LG. Epidemiologic study of cadmium and lead in the hair of ceramists and dental personnel. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1991 Dec; 34(4):423-31.
• Bader M, Dietz MC, Ihrig A, Triebig G. Biomonitoring of manganese in blood, urine and axillary hair following low-dose exposure during the manufacture of dry cell batteries. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1999 Nov; 72(8):521-7.
• Baer, MT, Tissue zinc levels and zinc excretion during experimental zinc depletion in young men, Am J Clin Nutr., 1984;39:556-570.
• Barbosa AC, Silva SR, Dorea JG. Concentration of mercury in hair of indigenous mothers and infants from the Amazon basin. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1998 Jan; 34(1):100-5.
• Barrett, S., Hair analysis called unreliable, unscientific, JAMA, 1985;254(8):1041-1045.
• Bate LC. Adsorption and elution of trace elements on human hair. Int J Appl Rad Isot. 1966; 17:417-23.
• Batzevich VA. Hair trace element analysis in human ecology studies. Sci Total Environ. 1995 Mar 15; 164(2):89-98.
• Baumgartner WA, Hill VA, Blahd WH. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1989; 34:1433-52.
• Baumslag, N, Trace metal content of maternal and neonate hair. Arch Environ Health, October 1974;29.
• Bayer, VW, Die bestimmung von magnesium in gewebeproben mittels AAS, Magnesiumbestimmung, Magnesium Bulletin 2/1983.
• Bencko V, Geist T, Arbetova D, Dharmadikari DM, Svandova E. Biological monitoring of environmental pollution and human exposure to some trace elements. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1986; 30(1):1-10.
• Bencko V, Symon K. Health aspects of burning coal with a high arsenic content. I. Arsenic in hair, urine, and blood in children residing in a polluted area. Environ Res. 1977; 13:378-85.
• Bencko V. Use of human hair as a biomarker in the assessment of exposure to pollutants in occupational and environmental settings. Toxicology. 1995 Jul 26; 101(1-2):29-39. Review.
• Berlin, M, Interaction between selenium and inorganic mercury, Environ Health Perspect., 1978; 25: 67–69.
• Bermejo-Barrera P, Moreda-Pineiro A, Romero-Barbeito T, Moreda-Pineiro J, Bermejo-Barrera A. Traces of cadmium in human scalp hair measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with the slurry sampling technique. Clin Chem. 1996 Aug; 42(8 Pt 1):1287-8.
• Bermejo-Barrera P, Muniz-Naveiro O, Moreda-Pineiro A, Bermejo-Barrera A. Experimental designs in the optimization of ultrasonic bath-acid leaching procedures for the determination of trace elements in human hair samples by atomic absorption spectrometry. Foren Sci Intl. 2000; 107:105-20.
• Birke, G, Studies on humans exposed to methymercury through fish consumption, Arch Environ Health, 1972;25.
• Bland, J, Dietary calcium, posphorus, and their relationship to bone formation and parathyroid activity, J. John Bastry Coll. Nat. Med. 1979; 1: 3-7.
• Blaurock-Busch E, Busch, BW, Hair analysis not a valid test? Says who?, Dig Chiro Econ., Mar/April, 1994.
• Blaurock-Busch, E, Busch, BW, Jones, JCJ, Rasmussen, O, Commercial hair analysis, science or scam: A rebuttal, Townsend Letter, 1985;32:310.
• Boischio AAP, Cernichiari E. Longitudinal hair mercury concentration in riverside mothers along the Upper Madeira river (Brazil). Environ Res. 1998 May; 77(2):79-83.
• Bos AJ, van der Stap CC, Valkovic V, Vis RD, Verheul H. Incorporation routes of elements into human hair; implications for hair analysis used for monitoring. Sci Total Environ. 1985 Mar 15; 42(1-2):157-69.
• Bos, AJ, Measurements of trace element concentration profiles across the diameter of human hair with micro-pixe. 0018-9499/83/0400-1249 1983 IEEE.
• Bosque MA, Domingo JL, Llobet JM, Corbella J. Cadmium in hair of school children living in Tarragona Province, Spain. Relationship to age, sex, and environmental factors. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1991 Feb; 28(2):147-55.
• Botha-Anoun, E, Babyan, S and Harfoucche, JK, Intellectual development related to nutritional status, J Tropical Pediat., 1968;14:112-115.
• Brimhall, JW, Mineral analysis by hair, Dig Chiro Econ., 1976, 19(1):50-
• Buckley RA, Dreosoti IE. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984; 50:840-6.
• Burger, FJ, and Hodewind, ZA, Changes in trace elements in kwashiorkor. S AIr Med J., 1974;48:502.
• Burguera JL, Burguera M, Rondon CE, Rivas C, Burguera JA, Alarcon OM. Determination of lead in hair of exposed gas station workers and in unexposed adults by microwave-aided dissolution of samples and flow injection/atomic absorption spectrometry. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis. 1987 Sep; 1(1):21-6.
• Bustueva KA, Revich BA, Bezpalko LE. Cadmium in the environment of three Russian cities and in human hair and urine. Arch Environ Health. 1994 Jul-Aug; 49(4):284-8.
• Campbell, JD, Hair analysis: A diagnostic tool for measuring mineral status in humans, J Orthomol Psych, 1985;14(4):276-280.
• Capel, ID, Pinnock, MH, Dorrell, HM, Williams DC, Grant ECG.: Comparison of Concentrations of Some Trace, Bulk, and Toxic Metals in the Hair of Normal and Dyslexic Children, Clin. Chem. 1981; 27: 879-881.
• Carbone, P, et al., Hair zinc and dietary zinc intake during pregnancy and puerperium, J Obstet Gyn Reprod Biol., 1992; 47(2):103-8.
• Carvalho, F, Lead and cadmium concentrations in the hair of fishermen from the Subae River Basin, Brazil, Environ Res., 1984;33:300-306.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Blood and hair mercury levels in young children and women of childbearing age—United States, 1999. MMWR Weekly. 2001 Mar 2; 50(8):140-3. http://www.cdc.gov/
• Cernichiari E, Brewer R, Myers GJ, Marsh DO, Lapham LW, Cox C, Shamlaye CF, Berlin M, Davidson PW, Clarkson TW. Monitoring methylmercury during pregnancy: maternal hair predicts fetal brain exposure. Neurotoxicology. 1995 Winter; 16(4):705-10.
• Cernichiari E, Toribara TY, Liang L, Marsh DO, Berlin MW, Myers GJ, Cox C, Shamlaye CF, Choisy O, Davidson P, et al. The biological monitoring of mercury in the Seychelles study.
• Neurotoxicology. 1995 Winter; 16(4):613-28.
• Cernichiari, E et al, Did Andrew Jackson Have Mercury Poisoning?, JAMA, 2000; 283(2):200-201.
• Chappuis P, deVernejoul M, Paolaggi F, Rousselet F. Relationship between hair, serum and bone aluminum in hemodialyzed patients. Clin Chim Act. 1989; 179:271-8.
• Chatergee, DD et al, Arsenic in ground water in six districts of West Bengal, India: the biggest arsenic calamity in the world. Arsenic concentration in drinking water, hair, nails, urine, skin-scale and liver tissue of affected people. Analyst, 1995;Mar;120(3):917-24.
• Chatt A, Holzbecher J, Katz SA. Metabolic deposition of selenium and cadmium into the hair and other tissues of the guinea pig. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1990 Jul-Dec; 26-27:513-9.
• Chattopadhyay PK, Joshi HC, Samaddar KR. Hair cadmium level of smoker and non-smoker human volunteers in and around Calcutta City. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1990 Aug; 45(2):177-80.
• Chattopadhyay, A, Scalp hair as a monitor of community exposure to lead, Arch Environ Health, 1977;32(5):226-36.
• Chen, W, Biochemical and morphological studies of monkeys chronically exposed to methylmercury. J Toxicol Environ Health, 1983;12:407-416.
• Chen, X, Relation of selenium deficiency to the occurrence of Keshan disease. Keshan Disease Research Group of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Bejing.
• Cheng, YD, et al, Study of correlation of selenium content in human hair and internal organs by INAA. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1990;26-27(1).
• Chetty, KN, Interactions of Cobalt and Iron in Chicks, Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, 1972.
• Chittleborough G, Steel BJ. Is human hair a dosimeter for endogenous zinc and other trace elements? Sci Total Environ. 1980; 15:25-35.
• Chittleborough, GA, A chemist’s view of the analysis of human hair for trace elements, Sci Total Environ., 1980;14:53-75.
• Chlopicka J, Zachwieja Z, Zagrodzki P, Frydrych J, Slota P, Krosniak M. Lead and cadmium in the hair and blood of children from a highly industrial area in Poland. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1998 Jun; 62(3):229-34.
• Chlopicka J, Zagrodzki P, Zachwieja Z, Krosniak M, Folta M. Use of pattern recognition methods in the interpretation of heavy metal (lead and cadmium) in children’s scalp hair. Analyst. 1995 Mar; 120(3):943-5.
• Chowdhury UK, Biswas BK, Chowdhury TR, Samanta G, Mandal BK, Basu GC, Chanda CR, Lodh D, Saha KC, Mukherjee SK, Roy S, Kabir S, Quamruzzaman Q, Chakraborti D. Groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India. Environ Health Perspect. 2000; 108:393-7.
• Clarke, AN, Preparation of hair for lead analysis, Arch Environ Health, 1974;28, May 1974.
• Clarkson TW. The role of biomarkers in reproductive and developmental toxicology. Environ Health Perspect. 1987 Oct; 74:103-7.
• Clarkson TW. The toxicology of mercury. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 1997; 34(4):369-403.
• Clarkson, TW, Mercury, Ann Rev Pub Health, 1983;4:375-80.
• Clarkson, TW, Metal concentration in blood, urine, hair and other tissues as indicators of metal accumulation in the body, Dept. of Radiation Biology and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY.
• Cleg, MS et al, Influence of ashing techniques on the analysis of trace elements in animal tissue Biological Trace Element Research 1981; 3:107-115.
• Collipp, PJ, Manganese in infant formulas and learning disability, Ann Nutr Metab., 1983;27:448-492.
• Contiera E, Folin M. Trace elements nutritional status. Use of hair as a diagnostic tool. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1994; 40:151-60.
• Cordova EJ, Crinella FM, Ericosn JE. High hair manganese in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Unpublished study. Address: FM Crinella, UC Irvine, Child Development Center, 19722 MacArthur Blvd., Irvine, CA 92612.
• Cornelis R, Speecke A. Neutron activation analysis of human hair collected at regular intervals for 25 years. J Forensic Sci Soc. 1971; 11(1):29-46.
• Corridan, JP, Head hair samples as indicators of environmental pollution, Environ Res. 1974;8:12-16.
• Cote, M, et al, Hair chromium concentration and arteriosclerotic heart disease, in Chromium in Nutrition and Metabolism. Shapcott, D and Hubert, J, ed. Elservier Press. 1979.
• Cotton, D, et al, Magnesium content of hair in alopecia areata atopica, Dermatologica, 1976;152(1):60-2.
• Cowgill, UM, The distribution of selenium and cancer mortality in the continental United States, Biol Trace Elem Res, 1983;5, 345-361.
• Cox C, Clarkson TW, Marsh DO, Amin-Zaki L, Tikriti S, Myers GG. Dose-response analysis of infants prenatally exposed to methyl mercury: an application of a single compartment model to single-strand hair analysis. Environ Res. 1989 Aug; 49(2):318-32.
• Cranton, EM, Critique of the American Medical Association’s Published Position on Hair Analysis, J Holistic Med, 1986;8 (1).
• Cravioto, J and DeLicardie, ER, Mental performance in school age children. Findings after recovery from early severe malnutrition, Am J Diseases Child., 1970;120:404-410.
• Creason, JP et al, Trace elements in hair as related to exposure in metropolitan New York, Clin Chem., 1975;21: 603-612.
• Cross, J, Leslie, A, Smith, H, Copper levels in human tissue, J Forens Sci Soc., 1976;16:311.
• Curry AS, Pounds CA. Arsenic in hair. J For Sci Soc. 1977; 17:37-44.
• D’Onofrio, C and Singer, R, Sugary images in school textbooks, U California Berkeley, School of Public Health, as reported by Spletter, M. in Med Tirbune, 1985;26(6):1-9.
• Dang, HS and Jaiswal, DD, Trace element changes in hair during pregnancy: A preliminary study, Sci Total Environ., 1983;31:187-192.
• Davies S, Howard JM, Hunnisett A, Howard M. Age-related decreases in chromium levels in 51,665 hair, sweat, and serum samples from 40,872 patients-implications for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Metabolism. 1997; 46:469-73.
• Davies, TS, Hair analysis and selenium shampoos, Lancet, 1982, Oct. 23. (letter)
• De Peyster A, Silvers JA. Arsenic levels in hair of workers in a semiconductor fabrication facility. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1995 Apr; 56(4):377-83.
• DeAntonio SM, Katz SA, Scheiner DM, Wood JD. Anatomically-related variations in trace-metal concentrations in hair. Clin Chem. 1982; 28:2411-3.
• Deening SB, Wever CW. Hair analysis of trace minerals in human subjects as influenced by age, sex, and contraceptive drug. Am J Clin Nutr. 1978; 31:1175-80.
• Deflora, S, Wetterhahn, RF, Mechanisms of chromium metabolism and genotoxicity, Life Chem Reports, 1989;7:169-244.
• DeGroot, HJ, Determination by flameless atomic absorption of aluminum in serum and hair for toxicological monitoring of patients on chronic intermittent haemodialysis, Pharmaceutisch Weekblad Scientific Edition, 1984;6.
• Delves HT. Assessment of trace element status. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985; 14:725-60.
• Dine, MS, What is the best test for iron deficiency? Letter to Editor, Pediatrics, 1983;72(6).
• DiPietro ES, Phillips DL, Paschal DC, Neese JW. Determination of trace elements in human hair. Reference intervals for 28 elements in nonoccupationally exposed adults in the US and effects of hair treatments. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1989 Oct; 22(1):83-100.
• Dogbreveru, U et al., Zinc Levels of Plasma, Erythrocyte, Hair and Urine in Homozygote Beta-Thalassemia, Acta Haematologica, 1979;62(1).
• Doi, R et al, A study of the sources of external metal contamination of hair, Sci Total Environ,1988;77:153-161.
• Donaldson, RM, Jr., Barreras, RF, Intestinal absorption of trace quantites of chromium, J Lab Clin Med, 1966;68:484-493.
• Donma, M, et al, Hair zinc and copper concentrations and zinc/copper ratios in pediatric malignancies and healthy children from southeastern Turkey, Biol Trace Elem Res., 1993;36:51-63.
• Dorea, JG, The influence of hair color on the concentration of zinc and copper in boys hair, May 1983, American Institute of Nutrition.
• Druyan ME, Bass D, Puchyr R, Urek K, Quig DW. Determination of reference ranges for elements in human scalp hair. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1998; 62(3):183-97.
• Du Y, Mangelson NF, Rees LB, Matheny RT. PIXE elemental analysis of South American mummy hair. Nucl Instru Meth Phys Res B. 1996.
• Durlach, J, Clinical aspects of chronic magnesium deficiency, in Magnesium in Health And Disease, Spectrum Publishing Company, 1980, pp. 884-909.
• Eck P., A new approach to hair analysis, (seminar), De Paul University, Chicago, IL May 22-23, 1982.
• Eck P., and Watts D., Nutritional factors of dental health, Anal Res Labs, 1983.
• Eck P., Introduction to copper toxicity, Anal Res Labs.
• Eck P., Watts, DL, Hair analysis, Amer Chiro., 1983;Mar/Apr.
• Ellis KJ, Yasumura S, Cohn SH. Hair cadmium content: is it biological indicator of the body burden of cadmium for the occupationally exposed worker? Am J Ind Med. 1981; 2:323-30.
• Eltayeb MA, Van Grieken RE. Iron, copper, zinc and lead in hair from Sudanese populations of different age groups. Sci Total Environ. 1990 Jun; 95:157-65.
• Eminians, J, Reinhold, JG, Kfoury, GA et al., Zinc nutrition of children in Fare Province of Iran, Am J Clin Nutr.,1967;20:734.
• Epstein, O, Boss, AMB., Lyon, T, Sherlock, S, Hair Copper in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1980; 33: 965-967.
• Esteban E, Rubin CH, Jones RL, Noonan G. Hair and blood as substrates for screening children for lead poisoning. Arch Environ Health. 1999 Nov-Dec; 54(6):436-40.
• Everson, GJ, Schraeder, RE, Abnormal glucose tolerance in manganese-deficient guinea pigs, J Nutr., 1968;94: 89-94.
• Fan AM, Chang LW. Human exposure and biological monitoring of methylmercury and selenium. In: Dillon HK, Ho MH, ed. Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Chemicals: Metals. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1991:223-41.
• Feng Q, Suzuki Y, Hisashige A. Trace element contents in hair of residents from Harbin (China), Medan (Indonesia), and Tokushima (Japan). Biol Trace Elem Res. 1997 Winter; 59(1-3):75-86.
• Ferguson JE, Holzbecher J, Ryan DE. The sorption of copper [II], manganese [II], zinc [II], and arsenic [III] into human hair and their desorption. Sci Tot Environ. 1983; 26:121-35.
• Fernandez-Britto, JE et al, Coronary atherosclerosis and chemical trace elements in the hair. A canonical correlation study of autopsy subjects, using and atherometric system and the X-ray flurorescence analysis, Zentralbl Pathol. 1993;139.
• Fishbein, D, Thatcher, R, Lester, M and Cantor, DS, Nutrition, trace elements and EEG in predicting behavior. App. Neuroscience Res. Institute, U. of Maryland.
• Fishbein, D., Refined carbohydrate consumption and maladaptive behaviors: an experiment, Int J biosocial Res., 1981;2:21-24.
• Fletcher, DM, Hair analysis: Proven and problematic applications, Postgrad Med., 1982;72:79-88.
• Folin M, Contiero E, Vaselli GM. Trace element determination in humans. The use of blood and hair. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1991; 31:147-58.
• Foo SC, Khoo NY, Heng A, Chua LH, Chia SE, Ong CN, Ngim CH, Jeyaratnam J. Metals in hair as biological indices for exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Hlth. 1993; 65:S83-S86.
• Frery N, Girard F, Moreau T, Blot P, Sahuquillo J, Hajem S, Orssaud G, Huel G. Validity of hair cadmium in detecting chronic cadmium exposure in general populations. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1993 May; 50(5):736-43.
• Furman, AF, Hair analysis –the test that helps balance body chemistry, reprint by Micro-Trace Minerals Laboratory, 1980.
• Gaillard Y, Pepin G. Testing hair for pharmaceuticals. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999; 733(1-2):231-46.
• Gallagher, M et al, Selenium levels in new growth hair and in whole blood during ingestion of a selenium supplement for 6 weeks. Nutr. Res. 1984;4:577-82.
• Gammelgaard, B, et al, Nickel in nails, hair and plasma from nickel-hypersensitive women, Acta Derm Venereol, 1990;70(5):417-20.
• Gardner, LI, Potassium loss and adrenal exhaustion, J Lab Clin Med., 1950;35:592.
• Gebel TW, Suchenwirth RHR, Bolten C et al. Human biomonitoring of arsenic and antimony in case of an elevated geogenic exposure. Environ Health Persp. 1998; 106:33-9.
• Gerhardsson L, Skerfving S. Concepts on biological markers and biomonitoring for metal toxicity. In: Change LW, ed. Toxicology of Metals. New York, NY: Lewis Publishers; 1966:81-107.
• Gibson RS, Skeaff M, Williams S. Interrelationship of indices of body composition and zinc status in 11-yr-old New Zealand children. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2000; 75:65-77.
• Gill, US et al., Results of Multiyear International Inter-laboratory Comparison Program for Mercury in Human Hair, J Arch of Environ Contam Toxic., 2002;43(4) November, 2002.
• Gingivitis and periodontal disease, Research Abstracts regarding folic acid, ascorbic acid and zinc, 1985.
• Giovanoli-Jakubczak, T et al, Measurement of mercury in human hair, Arch Environ Health, 1974.
• Golow AA, Kwaansa-Ansah EE. Comparison of lead and zinc levels in the hair of pupils from four towns in the Kumasi municipal area of Ghana. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1994 Sep; 53(3):325-31.
• Gordon, G Sex and age related differences in trace element concentrations in hair, Sci Tot Environ, 1985;42:133-147.
• Gordus, A, Factors affecting the trace metal content of human hair“, J. Radioanal Chem., 1973;15: 229-243.
• Grandjean P, Budtz-Jorgensen E, White RF, Jorgensen PJ, Weihe P, Debes F, Keiding N. Methylmercury exposure biomarkers as indicators of neurotoxicity in children aged 7 years. Am J Epidemiol. 1999 Aug 1; 150(3):301-5.
• Grandjean P. Lead poisoning: hair analysis shows the calendar of events. Hum Toxicol. 1984 Jun; 3(3):223-8.
• Greenwood MR, Dhahir P, Clarkson TW, Farant JP, Chatrand A, Khayat A. J Analyt Toxicol. 1977; 1:265.
• Guidotti TL, Audette RJ, Martin CJ. Interpretation of the trace metal analysis profile for patients occupationally exposed to metals. Occup Med (Lond). 1997 Nov; 47(8):497-503.
• Hac E, Krechniak J. Lead levels in bone and hair of rats treated with lead acetate. Biol Trace Elem Res 1996; 52:293-301.
• Hac E, Krechniak J. Mercury concentrations in hair exposed in vitro to mercury vapor. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1993 Nov-Dec; 39(2-3):109-15.
• Hac E, Krzyzanowski M, Krechniak J. Cadmium content in human kidney and hair in the Gdansk region. Sci Total Environ. 1998 Dec 11; 224(1-3):81-5.
• Hagedom-Gotz, H et al., On Nickel Contents in Urine and Hair in a Case of Exposure to Nickel Carbonyl. Arch. Tox. 1977.
• Hambidge KM. Hair analysis: proven and problematic applications. Postgraduate Medicine, 1982; 72(5):79-81, 84, 87-8.
• Hambidge, KM, and Droegemueller, W., Changes in plasma and hair concentrations of zinc, copper, chromium, and manganese during pregnancy, Obstet and Gynecol., 1974;44: 686.
• Hambidge, KM, Hair chromium concentration: effects of sample washing and external environment, Am J Clin Nutr., 1972;25: 384-389.
• Hambridge, KM, Baum, J.D., Hair Chromium Concentration of Human Newborn and Changes During Infancy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1972.
• Hambridge, KM, et al., Concentration of Chromium in the Hair of Normal Children and Children with Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes. 1968.
• Hambridge, KM, et al., Low levels of Zinc in Hair, Anorexia, Poor Growth, and Hypogeusia in Children, Peadiatr. Res. 1972.
• Hammer, DI, et. al., Hair Trace Element Levels and Environmental Exposure, Am. J. Epid. 1971.
• Hammer, DI, Trace metals in hair are easier to study, JAMA, 1971;215(3):384.
• Harada M et al. Monitoring of mercury pollution in Tanzania: relation between head hair mercury and health. Sci Total Environ. 1999 Mar 9; 227(2-3):249-56.
• Haraguchi H, Fujimori E, Inagaki K. Trace element analysis of biological samples by analytical atomic spectroscopy. In: Armstrong D, ed. Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol 108. Towata, NJ: Humana Press; 1998:389-411.
• Harkey, MR, Anatomy and physiology of hair, Forensic Sci Int., 1993;63(1-3):9-18.
• Harrington, JM, Middaugh JP, Morse DL et al. A survey of a population exposed to high concentrations of arsenic in well water in Fairbanks, Alaska. Am J Epid. 1978; 108(5):377-85.
• Harrison, W, Yarachek, JP, and Benson, CA, The determination of trace elements in human hair by atomic absorption spectroscopy, Clin Chim Acta 1969;23: 83).
• Hartman, RH, Matrone, G, Wise, GH, Effect of High Dietary Manganese on Hemoglobin Formation, J. Nutr. 1955;57:429.
• Hartwell TD, Handy RW, Harris BS et al. Heavy metal exposure in populations living around zinc and copper smelters. Arch Environ Health. 1983; 38(5):284-95.
• Hauser G, Vienna A, Wolfsperger M, Goessler W. Milk consumption, smoking and lead concentration in human hair. Coll Antropol. 1999 Dec; 23(2):433-6.
• Haxnbidge, KM, Hambidge, C, Jacobs, M, and Baum, JD, Low levels of zinc in hair, anorexia, poor growth and hypogeusia in children. Pediat Res.,1972;6:868.
• Hecker, LH, „Heavy Metal Levels in Acculturated and Unacculturated Populations“. Arch. Environ. Health, Vol. 29, Oct. 1974.
• Heeley, AF, and Watson, D, Cystic Fibrosis, Its Biochemical Detection. Clin. Chem. 1983;29(12):2011-2018.
• Held, NA, Zinc Status of Women: Laboratory Assessment and Related Dietary Factors, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. #4484.
• Henke G, Nucci A, Queiroz LS: Detection of repeated arsenical poisoning by neutron activation analysis of foot nail segments. Arch Toxicol. 1982; 50:125-31.
• Herber, RF, Trace Element Levels in Hair of Eight-Year-Old Children, Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1983;53:127-137.
• Hewitt DJ, Millner GC, Nye AC et al. Investigation of arsenic exposure from soil at a Superfund site. Environ Research. 1995; 68:73-81.
• Hickok, G, An update on the fight for hair analysis, Townsend Letter, 1985;32:310.
• Hilderbrand, DC, and White, DH, Trace element analysis in hair: An evaluation, Clin Chem., 1974;20:148.
• Hill, CH, Matrone, H, Chemical Parameters in the Study of Invivo and Invitro Interactions of Transition Elements, Fe. Proc-, Fed. Amer. Soc. Biol. 1970; 29: 1474-1481.
• Hindmarsh JT, Dekerkhove D, Grime G, Powell J. Hair arsenic as an index of toxicity. Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects, July 12-15, 1998, San Diego, CA. 1999; 1st ed:41-49.
• Hine, RJ, Zinc and copper nutriture of institutionalized mentally retarded adults before and after transfer to a group home. Nutr Res, 1984;4:189-200.
• Hixon, JR, New hope for hyperactive children, New York Times Magazine, Aug. 24, 1980, pp. 68-74.
• Hoffmann K, Becker K, Friedrich C, Helm D, Krause C, Seifert B. The German Environmental Survey 1990/1992 (GerES II): cadmium in blood, urine and hair of adults and children. J Exp Anal Environ Epi. 2000 Mar-Apr; 10(2):126-35.
• Holde et al. Quantitation of cocaine in human hair: the effect of centrifugation of hair digests. J Anal Toxicol. 1998 Oct; 22(6):414-7.
• Holzbecher, J, and Ryan, JE, Some observations on the interpretation of hair analysis data, Clin Biochem., 1982;15 (2):80-82.
• Hopps HC. The biological bases for using hair and nail for analysis of trace elements. Sci Total Environ. 1977; 7:71-89.
• Horvat M. Current status and future needs for biological and environmental reference materials certified for methylmercury compounds. Chemosphere. 1999; 39:1167-79.
• Houtman, JPW, de Bruin M, de Goeij JIM: Arsenic levels of human hair as an indicator for environmental exposure. In: Nuclear Activation Techniques in the Life Sciences. Vienna, IAEA, 1978; 599-614.
• Howe, M, Selenium in the Blood of South Dakotans, Arch Environ Health, 1979 Nov-Dec;34(6):444-8.
• Huang, B, Lin, S, Chen, S et al, Hair chromium levels in patients with vascular diseases, Biol Trace Elem Res., 1991;29:133-137.
• Hubbard D et al. Society of Forensic Toxicologists meeting, Snowbird, UT. 2000.
• Huel G, Everson RB, Menger I. Increased hair cadmium in newborns of women occupationally exposed to heavy metals. Environ Res. 1984 Oct; 35(1):115-21.
• Huel, G, Cadmium and lead content of maternal and newborn hair: Relationship to parity, birth weight and hypertension, Arch Environ Health, 1981;36, #5, Sept/Oct.
• Hwang SG, Chang JM, Lee SC, Tsai JH, Lai YH. Short- and long-term uses of calcium acetate do not change hair and serum zinc concentrations in hemodialysis patients. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1999; 59:83-8.
• Ikeda, T, Hair copper and zinc concentrations in handicapped children treated with anticonvulsants. Dev Pharmacol Ther., 1983;6: 381-387.
• Imaes, D., Pate, B.: Spatial Distribution of Copper in Individual Human Hairs, J. Forsensic Sci. 1976, 21.- 127-149.
• Iyengar GV. Reference values for elemental concentrations in some human samples of clinical interest: a preliminary evaluation. Sci Total Environ. 1984; 38:125-31.
• Iyengar V, Woittiez J. Trace elements in human clinical specimens: evaluation of literature data to identify reference values. Clin Chem. 1988; 34:474-81.
• Iyengar, V, Reference values for elemental concentrations in some human samples of clinical interest, Total Environ, 1984;38:125-131.
• Jacob, M, Effect of Guar Gum on Copper Absorption and Tissue Copper and Cholesterol. (SPON: C.F. Tam). California State Univ., Long Beach, CA 90840. #4479.
• Jacobs RM. Techniques employed for the assessment of metals in biological systems. In: Change LW, ed. Toxicology of Metals. New York, NW: Lewis Publishers; 1996:81-107.
• Jacob, RD, Klevay, LM, Logan, GM, Hair Metal as an Index of Hepatic Metal in Rats: Copper and Zinc, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1978; 31: 477-480.
• Jervis RE, Present status of activation analysis applications in criminalistics. Isot Rad Tech. 1968; 6(1):57-70.
• John, W, Relationship Between Trace Element Concentrations in Human Blood and Atmospheric Aerosol, Sci Tot Environ, 1983;26:21-32.
• Kalman DA, Hughes J, van Belle G, Burbacher T, Bolgiano D, Coble KL, Mottet NK, and Polissar L. Distribution of urinary arsenic species for individuals living in an arsenic-contaminated community. Environ Health Perspect. 1990; 89:145-51.
• Katz SA, Katz RB. Use of hair analysis for evaluating mercury intoxication of the human body: a review. J Appl Toxicol. 1992 Apr; 12(2):79-84. Review.
• Katz, SA, The use of hair as a biopsy material for trace elements in the body, Amer Lab.,1979;Feb:44-52.
• Kazemi-Bajestania, SMR, Serum copper and zinc concentrations are lower in Iranian patients with angiographically defined coronary artery disease than in subjects with a normal angiogram, J Trace Elem Med Biol, 2007;21(1):22-28.
• Keister, ME, Relation of mid-morning feeding to behavior of nursery school children, J Am Dietetic Assn.,1950;26:25-29.
• Kerger, BD et al, Refined exposure assessment for ingestion of tapwater contaminated with hexavalent chromium: consideration of exogenous and endogenous reducing agents, J Expos Anal and Environ Epid, 1996;6(2):163-179.
• Keyzer, JJ, Zinc Absorption After Oral Administration of Zinc Sulfate. Pharmaceutisch Weekblad Scientific Ed., Vol. 5 (1983).
• Kidwell DA, Lee EH, DeLauder SF. Evidence for bias in hair testing and procedures to correct bias. Forensic Sci Int. 2000; 107(1-3):39-61.
• Kieselstein, M, Tamari, G, Ben Galim, E, and Kisliuk, A, Chromium in hair and carbohydrate metabolism in geriatric patients. J Israeli Med Assoc., 1984;CVII(1-2):1.
• Kirschmann G. J Nutrition Almanac, 4th ed. New York: McGraw Hill. 1996.
• Kist AA, Zhuk LI, Danilova EA, Mikholskaya IN. Mapping of ecologically unfavorable territories based on human hair composition. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1998 Summer; 64(1-3):1-12.
• Klevay LM, Bistrian BR, Fleming CR, Neumann CG. Hair analysis in clinical and experimental medicine. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987 Aug; 46(2):233-6. Review.
• Klevay, LM, Hair as a Biopsy Material: 11 Assessment of Copper Nutritive, Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 1970; 23:1194-1202.
• Klevay, LM, Hair as a Biopsy Material, Arch. Intern. Med., 1978;138:1127-1128.
• Klevay, LM, Hair as a biopsy material: Assessment of zinc nutriture, Am J Clin Nutr., 1970;23:284.
• Klevay, LM, Interactions of copper and zinc in cardiovascular disease, Ann NY Acad Sci, 2006;355:140 – 151.
• Klok, A, Trace Element Analysis in Human Hair By ICP-ES. Pharmceutisch Weekblad Scientific Edition, Vol. 5, 1983.
• Kollmer WE. Cadmium in induced hair of the rat and its relation to the level in the diet and in the major organs during long-term exposure to cadmium in the subtoxic and toxic range. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis. 1991 Sep; 5(3):165-71.
• Koons RD, Peters CA. Axial distribution of arsenic in individual human hairs by solid sampling graphite furnace AAS. J Anal Toxicol. 1994; 18:36-40.
• Kopito, L, et al., Chronic Plumbism in Children: Diagnosed by Hair Analysis. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1968.
• Kopito, L, et al., Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium in Hair from Neonates with Cystic Fibrosis and in Amniotic Fluid from Mothers of such Children, Pediatrics. 1972.
• Kopito, L, Byers, RK, Schwachman H, Lead in Hair of Children with Chronic Lead Poisoning, New Eng. J. Med.1967,276:949-953.
• Koren G. Measurement of drugs in neonatal hair; a window to fetal exposure. Forensic Sci Int. 1995 Jan 5; 70(1-3):77-82. Review.
• Kostiel, K, „Cadmium“ in Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 5th ed, Mertz, W., ed, Academic Press, NY, 1980.
• Krechniak J. Mercury concentrations in hair exposed in vitro to mercury vapor. Bio Tr Elem Res. 1993; 39:109-15.
• Kuangfei, L et al., Metallic elements in hair as a biomarker of human exposure to environmental pollution: A preliminary investigation in Hubei Province, Crit Review Plant Sci., 1999;18(3):1417-428.
• Kupsinel, R, The criminal mineral: unusual case history of manganese poisoning, J Int Acad of Prev Med., 1976;2(4).
• Kurttio P, Komulainen H, Hakala E, Kahelin H, Pekkanen J. Urinary excretion of arsenic species after exposure to arsenic present in drinking water. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1998; 34:297-305.
• Kvicala J, Vaclav J. INAA of serum zinc of inhabitants in five regions of the Czech Republic. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1999; 71-72:21-30.
• Kyle JH, Ghani N. Methylmercury in human hair: a study of a Papua New Guinean population exposed to methylmercury through fish consumption. Arch Environ Health. 1982 Sep-Oct; 37(5):266-71.
• Laker, M, On determining trace element levels in man: The uses of blood and hair. The Lancet, 1982, July 31, 260-262.
• Lamand M, Faviert A, Pineau A. La détermination des oligoéléments dans les poils et dans les cheveux: intérêt et limites. Annales de Biologie Clinique. 1990; 48:433-42.
• Lane, BC, Common Foods That Appear to Contribute to Accommodative Weakness, Elevation of Intraocular Pressure and Development of Myopia. 4th International Conference on Myopia, October, 1982.
• Lane, BC, Mercury in seafood may cause cataracts, Medical World News, 1982, December 20.
• Lane, BC, Myopia Prevention and Reversal: New Data Confirms the Interaction of Accommodative Stress and Deficit-Inducing Nutrition, J of Int’l Acad Prev Med., 1982;7(3), November, 1982.
• Lane, BC, Seafood as a new risk factor in cataract and glutathione peroxidase deficiency, Vision Care Section American Public Health Assn. „Vision and Aging“, Session #1082, Montreal, Canada.
• Lane,BC, Folate, Ascorbate, Calcium, Chromium and Vanadium in Myopia Prevention and Reversal, Metab Pediat Syst Opthamol., 1982;6(2):1-9-150.
• Larrson B. Interaction between chemicals and melanin. Pigment Cell Res. 1993; 6:127-33.
• LeBlanc A, Dumas P, Lefebvre L. Trace element content of commercial shampoos: impact on trace elements in hair. Sci Tot Environ. 1999; 229:121-4.
• Lee WC, Lee MJ. Mercury concentrations in scalp hair as an environmental contamination index from foods in Korea. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1999 Dec; 41(6):373-5.
• Lekouch N, Sedki A, Bouhouch S, Nejmeddine A, Pineau A, Pihan JC. Trace elements in children’s hair, as related exposure in wastewater spreading field of Marrakesh (Morocco). Sci Total Environ. 1999 Dec 15; 243-244:323-8.
• Leroy, R, Effect of washing on trace element content of human hair, J Ortho Med., 1986;1(2).
• Leslie ACD, Smith H: Napoleon Bonaparte’s exposure to arsenic during 1816. Arch Toxicol. 1978; 41:163-7.
• Lester, M, Horst, R, and Thatcher, RW, Protective effects of calcium and zinc against lead and cadmium toxicity in children, Nutr Behavior, 1986;3:145-161.
• Lester, ML, Thatcher, RW and Monroe-Lord, L, Refined carbohydrate intake, hair cadmium levels and cognitive functioning in children, J Nutr Behav., 1982;1:3-13.
• Lia, YF et al, Mercury in human hair and blood samples from people living in Wanshan mercury mine area, Guizhou, China: An XAS study, J Inorg Biochem, 2008;102(3):500-506.
• Lin T, Huang Y. Arsenic species in drinking water, hair, fingernails, and urine of patients with blackfoot disease. J Tox Environ Hlth. 1998; 53:85-93.
• Lind B, Bigras L, Cernichiari E, Clarkson TW, Friberg L, Hellman M, Kennedy P, Kirkbride J, Kjellstrom T, Olin B. Quality control of analyses of mercury in hair. Fresenius Z Anal Chem. 1988; 332:620-2.
• Lodenius, M, Environmental mercury contamination around a chlor-alkali plant, Bull Environ Contam Toxicol,1984;32:439-444.
• Macdonald, I, Warren, PJ, The copper content of the liver and hair of African children with Kwashiorkor, Brit. J. Nutr. 1961; 15:593-596.
• Madeiros, DM, The association of selected hair mineral levels and anthropometric factors to blood pressure in a normotensive adult population. Nutr Arch., 1985;1:67-73. 114(1127):80-3. Maes D, Pate BD. The absorption of arsenic into single human head hairs. J For Sci. 1977; 22:89-99.
• Magos L, Berg GG. Selenium. In: Clarkson TW, Friberg L, Nordberg GF, Sager PR, eds. Biological Monitoring of Toxic Metals. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1988:383-405.
• Mahaffrey, KR, Rader, JI, Metabolic Interactions: Lead, Calcium, and Iron, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1980; 355: 285-297.
• Mahaffey, KR, Methymercury, Public Health Reports, 1999;114:397-420.
• Mahaffrey, KR, Nutritional factors in lead poisoning, Nut Reviews, 1981;31(10).
• Maksimovic ZJ, Djujic I, Jovic V, Rsumovic M. Selenium deficiency in Yugoslavia. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1992; 33:187-96.
• Malter, RF, Copper toxicity: Psychological implications for children, adolescents, and adults, Malter Institute for Neurological Development, Illinois, April, 1984.
• Malter, RF, Energy, stress, and burnout: a new perspective on addiction (seminar), Malter Inst for Nat Development, Inc., Schaumburg, Il, 1987.
• Malter, RF, Implications of a bio-nutritional approach to the diagnosis, treatment and cost of learning disorders, Somatics, 1984-1985;Autumn-Winter38-43.
• Malter, RF, Psychological implications of the new nutritional science, 1984.
• Malter, RF, Some problems with measurement and statistics applied to hair analysis, Northwest Suburban Child Development Clinic, Inc., Arlington Heights, Il., 1988.
• Man, CK, et al, Hair analysis of spastic children in Hong Kong, Sci Tot Environ., 1996;191.
• Mandal BK, Chowdhury TR, Samanta G, Mukherjee DP, Chanda CR, Saha KC, Chakroborti D. Impact of safe water for drinking and cooking on five arsenic-affected families for 2 years in West Bengal, India. Sci Tot Environ. 1998; 218:185-201.
• Manson P, Zlotkin S. Hair analysis—a critical review. Can Med Assoc J. 1985 Aug 1; 133:186-8. Editorial.
• Mariani, A, Mercury levels in food and its intake in high-risk population groups, Bibithca Nutr Dieta, 29:32-38.
• Marlow, M, Increased lead burdens and trace-mineral status in mentally retarded children, J Special Educ., 1982;16(1).
• Marlowe M, Medeiros DM, Errera J, Medeiros LC. Hair minerals and diet of Prader-Willi Syndrome youth. J Autism Develop Disorders., 1987;17:365-374.
• Marlowe, M, et al, Lead and mercury levels in emotionally disturbed children, J Orthomol Psych., 1983;12(4)260267.
• Marlowe, M, Hair mineral content as a predictor of mental retardation, J Orthomol Psych., 1983;12(1):26-33.
• Marriott BM, Smith JC Jr, Jacobs RM, Jones AO, Altman JD. Copper, iron, manganese, and zinc content of hair from two populations of rhesus monkeys. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1996 Summer; 53(1-3):167-83.
• Marsh DO, Clarkson TW, Cox C, Myers GJ, Amin-Zaki L, Al-Tikriti S. Fetal methylmercury poisoning. Relationship between concentration in single strands of maternal hair and child effects. Arch Neurol. 1987 Oct; 44(10):1017-22.
• Marsh DO, Myers GJ, Clarkson TW. Dose-response relationship for human fetal exposure to methylmercury. Clin Toxicol. 1981; 18:1311-8.
• Matsubara J, Machida K. Significance of elemental analysis of hair as a means of detecting environmental pollution. Environ Res. 1985 Dec; 38(2):225-38.
• Maugh, TH, Hair: A diagnostic tool to complement blood serum and urine, Science, 1978;202:1271-1373.
• McBean, LD, Mahloudji, M, Reinhold, JG, and Halsted, JA, Correlation of zinc concentrations in human plasma and hair, Am J Clin Nutr., 1971;24:506.
• McClean S, O’Kane E, Coulter D, McLean S, Smyth WF. Capillary electrophoretic determination of trace metals in hair samples and its comparison with high performance liquid chromatography and atomic absorption techniques. Electrophoresis. 1998; 19:11-8.
• McFarland, L, Amalgam fillings: poisoning of America?, Scottsdale Progress, 1987, April 29, p. 21.
• McKenzie JM. Alteration of the zinc and copper concentration of hair. Am J Clin Nutr. 1978; 31:470-6.
• McKenzie, JM, Tissue concentration of cadmium, zinc, and copper from autopsy samples, New Zealand J Med. 1974; 79:1016-1019.
• McKeowen, GE, Prevalence of neurological abnormality in Cree Indians exposed to methylmercury in Northern Quebec, Clin Investig Med., 1983;6(3):161-169.
• McKeown, GE, and Ruedy, J, Methyl mercury exposure in Northern Quebec. I. Neurologic findings in adults, Amer J of Epidemiol., 1983;118(4).
• Medeiros DM, Borgman RF. Relationship of blood pressure with hair mineral concentrations in South Carolina adolescents, Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 1982;29:190-195.
• Medeiros DM, Mazhar A, Brunett EW, Failure of oral zinc supplementation to alter hair zinc levels among healthy human males, Nutr Res., 1987;7:1109-1116.
• Medeiros DM, Pellum LK, Brown BJ. The association of selected hair minerals and anthrpopmetric factors with blood pressure in a normotensive adult populatio,. Nutr Research 1983;3:51-60.
• Medeiros DM, Pellum LK. Blood pressure and hair cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc concentrations in Mississippi adolescents. Bull. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 1985;34:163-169.
• Medeiros DM, Pellum LK. Elevation of hair cadmium, lead, and zinc in adult black female hypertensives, Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 1984;32:525-532.
• Medeiros DM, Pellum LK. Blood pressure and hair cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc concentrations in Mississippi adolescents. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1985 Feb; 34(2):163-9.
• Medeiros DM. The copper:zinc hypothesis and cardiovascular disease, Biochem Arch, 1985.
• Medeiros DM. Trace human hair (Letter), Lancet, 1982;8296:608.
• Medeiros, DM, Blood Pressure in Young Adults as Influenced by Copper and Zinc Intake, Biol Trace Elem Res., 1983;5(3)165-174.
• Medeiros, DM, Copper and Sodium Concentration in Rat Hair As Related to Dietary Intake, Nutr Res., 1983;3:923-928.
• Medeiros, DM, et al., Blood pressure in Young Adults as Associated with Dietary Habits, Body Conformation, and Hair Element Concentrations, Nutr. Res., 1982;2:455-466.
• Medeiros, DM, Trace elements in human hair, Lancet, 1982, September 11.
• Meng Z. Age- and sex-related differences in zinc and lead levels in human hair. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1998 Jan; 61(1):79-87.
• Mertz W. Confirmation: chromium levels in serum, hair and sweat decline with age. Nutr Rev. 1997; 55(10):373-5.
• Mertz, W, Chromium occurrence and function in biological systems, Physio Rev., 1969;49(2):165-239.
• Mertz, W, The role of trace elements in the aging process. Nutr Aging, Alan R. Liss, 229-240.
• Methylmercury: Environmental Health Criteria 101, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization:1990. WHO Series No. 101.
• Meyer N, Helynick B, Ledrans M, Le Goaster C, Kintz P, Michel A. Evaluation de l’impregnation biologique d’une population exposee a une concentration elevee en arsenic dans les eaux de distribution, Ferrette, 1997. Rev Epidem et Sante Publ. 1999; 47:315-21.
• Miekeley N, Dias Carneiro MTW, Porta da Silveira CL. How reliable are human hair reference intervals for trace elements? Sci Total Environ. 1998; 218:9-17.
• Mikasa H, Suzuki Y, Fujii N, Nishiyama K. Adsorption and elution of metals on hair. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1988 Jun; 16(1):59-66.
• Miyake B. A genetic electrophoretic variant of high-sulfur hair proteins for forensic hair comparisons. II. Practical application of electrophoretic analysis of hair protein to forensic hair comparisons. Nippon Hoigaku Zasshi. 1989 Feb; 43(1):9-15.
• Moon J, Smith TJ, Tamaro S, Enarson D, Fadl S, Davison AJ, Weldon L. Trace metals in scalp hair of children and adults in three Alberta Indian villages. Sci Total Environ. 1986 Oct; 54:107-25.
• Moore, MR et al., Contribution of lead in drinking water to blood lead, Lancet, 1977;2:661-662.
• Moro R, Gialanella G, Zhang YX, Perrone L, Di Toro R. Trace elements in full-term neonate hair. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis. 1992 Mar; 6(1):27-31.
• Morris, JS, Dietary Selenium in Humans, Toenails as an Indicator, Biol Trace Elem Res., 1983;5:529-537.
• Mottet NK, Body RL, Wilkens V, Burbacher TM. Biologic variables in the hair uptake of methylmercury from blood in the macaque monkey. Environ Res. 1987 Apr; 42(2):509-23.
• Muir, M, Current Controversies in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Heavy Metal Toxicity, Alter Complement Ther., June 1997.
• Myers, RJ, Regeneration and rate of growth of hairs in man, Ann NY Acad Sci., 1951;27(53):562-8.
• National Research Council (NRC), Recommended Dietary Allowances, Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences, 1989, etc.
• National Research Council. Toxicological Effects of Methyl mercury. National Academy Press: Washington, DC, 2000.
• Naylor GJ, Sheperd B, Treliving L, McHarg A, Smith A, Ward N, Harper M. Tissue aluminum concentrations stability over time, relationship to age, and dietary intake. Biol Psychiat. 1990; 27:884-90.
• Needleman, H, Childhood exposure to lead. A common cause of school failure. Phi Delta Kappa, Sep. 1992;24(1):35-37.
• Needleman, H, et al., The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood, NEJM 1990; 322(2):83-88.
• Needleman, H., Gatsonis, CA, Low-level (lead) exposure and the IQ of children: a meta-analysis of modern studies. JAMA 1990;263(5)673-679.
• Nickel, DJ, How does traditional Chinese medicine work? An atomic answer, Int J Acupuncture Oriental Med., 1995;6(1-4)26-29.
• Nielsen JB, Andersen O, Grandjean P. Evaluation of mercury in hair, blood and muscle as biomarkers for methylmercury exposure in male and female mice. Arch Toxicol. 1994; 68(5):317-21.
• Nishiyama, K, Adsorption and Elution of Cadmium on Hair, Arch Environ Health, 1972;25(2):92-6.
• Nolan, KR, Copper Toxicity Syndrome, J Orthomol Psych., 1983;12(4):270-282.
• Nordberg, G, Whole-body and hair retention of cadmium in mice, Arch Environ Health, 1972;24.
• Nordberg, G et. a, Factors Influencing Metabolism and Toxicity of Metals: A Concensus Report, Environ. Hlth Persp. 1978; 25: 3-41.
• Nowak B, Chmielnicka J. Relationship of lead and cadmium to essential elements in hair, teeth, and nails of environmentally exposed people. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2000 Jul; 46(3):265-74.
• Nowak B, Kozlowski H. Heavy metals in human hair and teeth: the correlation with metal concentrations in the environment. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1998 Jun; 62(3):213-28.
• Nowak B. Contents and relationship of elements in human hair for a non-industrialised population in Poland. Sci Total Environ. 1998 Jan 8; 209(1):59-68.
• Nowak B. Occurrence of heavy metals, sodium, calcium, and potassium in human hair, teeth, and nails. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1996 Apr; 52(1):11-22.
• Ohnesorge, WM et al, Uptake of aluminum, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc by human scalp hair and elution of the adsorbed metals, J Anal Toxicol., 1989;13(1):17-21.
• Oishi M, et al., Hair trace elements in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Trace Elem. Med. 1990;7(4):182-85.
• Ojo JO, Oluwole AF, Durosinmi MA, Asubiojo OI, Akanle OA, Spyrou NM. Correlations between trace element levels in head hair and blood components of Nigerian subjects. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1994; 43-45:453-9.
• Okamoto K, Morita M, Quan H, Uehiro T, Fuwa K. Preparation and certification of human hair powdered reference material. Clin Chem. 1985; 31:1592-7.
• Okarsson, A, et al., Mercury Levels in Hair from People Eating Large Quantities of Swedish Freshwater Fish, Food Addit. Contam. 1990.
• Olguin, A, Arsenic levels in blood, urine, hair and nails from a chronically exposed human population, Proc West Pharmacol Soc., 1983;26:175-177.
• Othman I , Spyrou NM. The abundance of some elements in hair and nail from the Machakos District of Kenya. Sci Total Environ. 1980; 16:267-78.
• Pachotikarn C, Medeiros DM, Windham FW. Effect of oral zinc supplementation upon plasma lipids, blood pressure, and other variables, in young adult white males. Nutr. Rep. Internal. 1986;32:373-382.
• Paschal DC, DiPietro ES, Phillips DL, Gunter EW. Age dependence of metals in hair in a selected U.S. population. Environ Res. 1989 Feb; 48(1):17-28.
• Patrick, J. Leukocyte zinc in the assessment of zinc status, CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 1984;20(2).
• Pellizzari ED, Fernando R, Cramer GM, Meaburn GM, Bangerter K. Analysis of mercury in hair of EPA Region V population. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 1999 Sep-Oct; 9(5):393-401.
• Perrone L, Moro R, Caroli M, Di Toro R, Gialanella G. Trace elements in hair of healthy children sampled by age and sex. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1996 Jan; 51(1):71-6.
• Petering, HG et al., Trace metal content of hair: Cadmium and lead content of human hair in relation to age and sex, Arch Environ Health 1973; 27:327- 330.
• Peters, HA, Seasonal arsenic exposure from burning chromium-copper-arsenate-treated wood, JAMA, 1984;251(18), May 11, 1984.
• Pfeiffer, C, Psychiatric Hospital vs. Brain Bio Center in diagnosis of biochemical imbalances, J Orthomol Psych., 1976;5(1)28-34.
• Pfeiffer, C, Zinc and manganese in the schizophrenias, J Orthomol Psych, 1983;12(3):215-224.
• Phelps, RW, et al., Interrelationships of Blood and Hair Mercury Concentrations in a North American Population Exposed to Methylmercury, Arch Environ Health, 1980;35(3).
• Piccinini R, Candela S, Messori M, Viappiani F. Blood and hair lead levels in 6-year old children according to their parents‘ occupation. G Ital Med Lav. 1986 Mar; 8(2):65-8.
• Piccinini, L, et al., A case-control study on selenium, zinc, and copper in plasma and hair of subjects affected by breast and lung cancer., Biol Trace Elem Res., 1996;51:23-27.
• Pihl RO, Drake H, Vrana F. Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Hair Analysis in Learning and Behavior Problems. In: Hair, Trace Elements, and Human Illness. Brown AC, Crounse RG, editors. Praeger Publications, 1980.
• Pihl, RO et al, Hair: A diagnostic tool to complement blood serum and urine, Science, 1978;202:1271-1273.
• Pihl, RO, Parkes, M, Hair element content in learning disabled children, Science, 1977;198:204-206.
• Pineau A, Guillard O, Huguet F, Spech M, Gelot S, Boiteau H. An evaluation of the biological significance of aluminum in plasma and hair of patients on long-term hemodialysis. Eur J Pharmacol. 1993; 228:263-8.
• Politt, E et al., Protein-calorie malnutrition and behavior: A view from psychology, in Nutrition And The Brain, Vol. 2, Wurtman, RJ and Wurtman, JJ (eds), Raven Press, NY, 1977.
• Pollit et al, Behavoral effects of iron deficiency in children, in Iron Deficiency Brain Biochemistry and Behavior, Politt, E and Liegbel, R, (eds), 1982.
• Ponce RA et al., Uncertainty analysis methods for comparing predictive models and biomarkers: a case study of dietary methyl mercury exposure. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1998; 28(2):96-105.
• Potering, HG, Yeager, DW, Witherup, S0, Trace metal content of hair. I. Zinc and copper content of hair in relation to age and sex, Arch Environ Health 1971;23: 202.
• Pounds CA, Pearson EF, Turner TD. Arsenic in fingernails. J For Sci Soc. 1979; 19:165-73.
• Powar, A, Caroli, S, Reference values for elements of toxicological, clinical and environmental interest in hair of urban subjects, Ann Ist Super Sanita, 1989;25:385-392.
• Prasad, AS, The role of zinc in gastrointestinal and liver disease. Clin Gastroenterology, 1983;12:3, Sept 1983.
• Prasad, AS, Zinc deficiency in human subjects. In Zinc Metabolism, AS Prasad, Ed., CC Thomas, Springfield, Ill., 1966, pp.250-301.
• Pratt, WB, Phippen, WG, Elevated hair copper level in idopathic scoliosis, J Spine, 1980;5(3).
• Puchyr R, Bass D, Gajewski R, Calvin M, Marquardt W, Urek K, Druyan ME, Quig DW. Preparation of hair for measurement of elements by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Biol Trace Elem Res. 1998; 62(3):167-182.
• Quarterman, J, „Lead“, in Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 5th ed, Mertz, W., ed, Academic Press, NY, 1980.
• Rabinowitz M, Wetherill G, Kopple J. Delayed appearance of tracer lead in facial hair. Arch Environ Health. 1976; 31:220-3.
• Rabinowitz, MB, Effects of chromium and yeast supplements on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetic men. Diabetes Care, 1981;6(4), July/August.
• Raghupathy L, Harada M, Ohno H, Naganuma A, Imura N, Doi R. Methods of removing external metal contamination from hair samples for environmental monitoring. Sci Total Environ. 1988 Dec; 77(2-3):141-51.
• Raloff, J, Locks – A key to violence, Science News, 1983;24, 8/20/1983.
• Rasmussen, OG, Toward standardization of hair analysis procedures, Postgrad Med., 1983;73:44-45.
• Read, MS, Malnutrition, hunger and behavior. II. Hunger, school feeding programs and behavior, J Amer Diet Assn., 1973;63:386-381.
• Rechcigl, M. (ed. in chief): CRC Handbook Series in Nutrition and Food, section E: Nutritional Disorders; III Effect of Nutrient Deficiences in Man. Also in the same volume: Nutritional Disorders; I Effect of Nutrient Excess and Toxicities in Animals and Man, CRC Press Inc., 2255 Palm Beach Lakes Blvd., West Palm Beach, Florida, 33409, 1978.
• Rees, EL, Aluminum poisoning of Papua New Guinea natives as shown by hair analysis data, J Orthomol Psych, 1983;12(4):312.
• Rees, EL, Aluminum Toxicity as Indicated by hair analysis. J Orthomol Psych, 1979;8,(1):37-43.
• Reeves, RD, Jolley, KW, Buck-Ley, PD, Lead in Human Hair: Relation to Age, Sex, and Environmental Factors, Bull Environ Contam Toxicol., 1975,14:579-587.
• Reinhold, JG, Kfoury, GA, Ghalambor, MA, Bennett, JC, Zinc and copper concentrations in hair of Iranian villagers, Am J Clin Nutr.,1966;18:294.
• Reninger, JE, The multi-disciplinary treatment of hyperactive learning-disabled children, J Ortho Psych., 1980;9(3):171-182.
• Renshaw GD, Pounds CA, Pearson EF. Variation in lead concentration along single hairs as measured by noon-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Nature. 1972; 238:162-3.
• Ricks, CM, Horton, RJ M. Hair trace metal levels and environmental exposure, Am J Epidem., 1971;69: 84-92.
• Rimland, B, and Larson, GE, Hair mineral analysis and behavior: An analysis of 51 studies, J Learn Disab, 1983;16: 279-285.
• Risher, JF, Murray, HE and Prince, GR, Organic mercury compounds: human exposure and its relevance to public health, Toxicol Indust Health, 2002;18(3):109-160.
• Rivlin, RS, Misuse of nutritional assessment, Am J Med., 1983;75:489-493.
• Roberts DJ, Green P. Adsorption of cadmium onto human hair. Sci Total Environ. 1985 Mar 15; 42(1-2):207-11.
• Rockway SW, Weber CW, Lei KY, Kemberling SR. Lead concentrations of milk, blood, and hair in lactating women. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1984; 53(3):181-7.
• Rollins D et al. Society of Forensic Toxicologists meeting, Snowbird, UT. 2000.
• Rossi, LC, Mercury and selenium distribution in a defined area and in its population, Arch Environ Health., 1976;31(3):160–165.
• Rothe M et al. Effect of pigmentation on the drug deposition in hair of grey-haired subjects. Forensic Sci Int. 1997 Jan 17; 84(1-3):53-60.
• Ryabuhkin YS. Activation analysis of hair as an indicator of contamination of man by environmental trace element pollutants. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, Report 50, 1978.
• Ryan. DE, Trace elements in scalp-hair of persons with multiple sclerosis and of normal individuals, Clin Chem., 1978;24(11).
• Sachs H. Theoretical limits of the evaluation of drug concentrations in hair due to irregular hair growth. Forensic Sci Int. 1995 Jan 5; 70(1-3):53-61.
• Sakai T, Wariishi M, Nishiyama K. Changes in trace element concentrations in hair of growing children. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2000; 77:43-51.
• Salbe AD, Levander OA, Effect of various dietary factors on the deposition of selenium in the hair and nails of rats. J Nutr. 1990; 120:200-6.
• Salmela S, Vuori E, Kilpoio JO. The effect of washing procedures on trace element content of human hair, Anal Chim Acta. 1981; 125:131-7.
• Sandford, MK, Elemental hair analysis: new evidence on the etiology of cribra orbitalia in Sudanese nubia, Human Biology, 1983;55(4):831-844.
• Saner, G, et al., Hair manganese concentrations in newborns and their mothers, Am J Clin Nutr., 1985;41:1042-1044.
• Sanstead, NH, Nutrient interactions with toxic elements, Adv Modem Toxicol, 1977;2: 241-256.
• Sato R, Uematsu T, Sato R, Yamaguchi S, Nakashima M. Human Scalp hair as evidence of individual dosage history of haloperidol: prospective study, Ther Drug Monit. 1989 Nov; 11(6):686-91.
• Schauss, AG A review of 137 cases of ADD-Hyperactivity. Also, Twelve rules for establishing good eating patterns in 3-7 year olds: The formative years, Also, Twelve changes of the twentieth century that affect dietary habits in modernized countries, Presentations at the Conference on Nutrition and Behavior, John Radcliffe hospital, Oxford University, England, July, 1985, in Nutrition And Antisocial Behavior, Brian Shuppan: Tokyo, 1986.
• Schauss, AG et al, Random analysis of the diets of chronic delinquents, J Orthomol Psych., 1979;8(3):149-157 and 1979;8(4):222-226.
• Schauss, AG, New findings on nutrition and its application in the behavioral sciences, Controlled hair mineral analysis study of violent and sociopathic prisoners, presentation, First International Conference on Nutritional Therapy in Medicine, 6/26/1983.
• Schlegel-Zawadzka, M, Chromium content in the hair of children and students in southern Poland, Biol Trace Elem Res. 1992 Jan-Mar; 32:79-84.
• Schmid, F.:Mineralien und Spuren- elemente in lyophilisierten Geweben, Cytbiol. Review 1982; 2: 89-95.
• Schmidt et al., Clinical ecological study of chronic juvenile delinquents, Int J Biosocial Res, 1981;2:15-20.
• Schmitt, WH, Molybdenum for candida albicans patients and other problems, Dig Chiro Econ., 1989, Jan/Feb.:56-63.
• Schnell, RC, Angle, CR, Symposium: Selenium, toxin or panacea, Fund Appl Toxicol, 1983;3:409-410.
• Schoenthaler, S, Alabama diet-behavior program: an empirical evaluation at Coosa Valley Regional Detention Center, In J biosocial Res., 1983;5(2):78-87.
• Schoenthaler, S, Double-blind detention home study: Refined sugar goes on trial, In J Biosocial Res., 1982;3(1):1-9.
• Schoenthaler, S, Types of offenses which can be reduced in an institutional setting using nutritional intervention: a preliminary empirical evaluation, Int J Biosocial Res., 1983;4(2):74-84. Schroeder, HA, Nason, AP: Trace Metals in Human Hair, J Investig Dermatol, 1969;53:71-78.
• Schroeder, HA, The role of chromium in mammalian nutrition, Am J Clin Nutr, 1968;21(3):230-44.
• Schuhmacher M, Belles M, Rico A, Domingo JL, Corbella J. Impact of reduction of lead in gasoline on the blood and hair lead levels in the population of Tarragona Province, Spain, 1990-1995. Sci Total Environ. 1996 May 31; 184(3):203-9.
• Schuhmacher M, Domingo, JL, Llobet, JM, Corbella, J, Lead in children’s hair, as related to exposure in Tarragona Province, Spain. Sci Total Environ. 1991 May 15; 104(3):167-73.
• Schweinsberg F, Baron P, Hahn W, Hermann U, Tausch-Walz G, Determination and assessment of the content of lead, cadmium and mercury in hair, nails and organs of persons in clean and polluted areas. Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg. 1987; 71:91-100. German.
• Seidel S, Kreutzer R, Smith D, McNeel S, Gilliss D. Assessment of commercial laboratories performing hair mineral analysis. JAMA. 2001 Jan. 3; 285(1):67-72.
• Sen J, Chaudhuri AB. Human hair lead and copper levels in three occupationally unexposed population groups in Calcutta. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1996 Aug; 57(2):321-6.
• Setyaadmadja, A, Cheras- Kin, E., Ringdorf, WM, Ascorbic Acid and Carbohydrate Metabolism, J. Am. Gerat. Soc. 1965; 13: 924-934.
• Shamberger, RJ, Validity of hair mineral testing, Biol Trace Min Res., 2002;87(1-3).
• Shanghai Inst. Nuclear Res. Certification of Certified Reference Material, Human Hair (GBW 09101). Shanghai: State Bureau Technical Supervision; 1988.
• Sharnes RS, Adelman DC. Clinical immunology. In: LaDou J, ed., Occupational & Environmental Medicine. 2nd ed. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange; 1997:196-99.
• Sheard EA, Johnson MK, Cater RJ, The Determination of Chromium in Hair and Other Biological Material. Hair, Trace Elements and Human Illness. New York, NY: Praeger; 1980.
• Sherertz EC. Misuse of hair analysis as a diagnostic tool, Arch Dermatol. 1985 Dec; 121(12):1504-5. Editorial.
• Sherlock JD, Lindasy DG, Hislop JE, Evans WH, Collier TR. Archives Environ Health. 1982; 37:271-8.
• Sherlock, J, Elevation of mercury in human blood from controlled chronic ingestion of methylmercury in fish, Human toxicol., 1984;3:117-131.
• Shi CY, Lane AT, Clarkson TW. Uptake of mercury by the hair of methylmercury-treated newborn mice. Environ Res. 1990 Apr; 51(2):170-81.
• Shimojo N, Homma-Takeda S, Ohuchi K, Shinyashiki M, Sun GF, Kumagai Y. Mercury dynamics in hair of rats exposed to methylmercury by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence imaging. Life Sci. 1997; 60(23):2129-37.
• Shinohara A, Chiba M, Inaba Y. Determination of germanium in human specimens: comparative study of atomic absorption spectrometry and microwave-induced plasma mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol. 1999; 23:625-31.
• Sikorski R, Paszkowski T, Szprengier-Juszkiewicz T. Mercury in neonatal scalp hair. Sci Total Environ. 1986 Dec 1; 57:105-10.
• Six, K. M. and Goyer, R. A. 1970. Experimental enhancement of lead toxicity by low dietary calcium. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 76: 933-942.
• Sky-Peck HH. Distribution of trace elements in human hair. Clin Physiol Biochem. 1990; 8(2):70-80.
• Smith JC, Allen PV, Von Burg R. Hair methylmercury levels in U.S. women. Arch Environ Health. 1997 Nov-Dec; 52(6):476-80.
• Smith, BL, Analysis of hair element levels by age, sex, race, and hair color. Unpublished paper.
• Smith, BL, Cardiovascular risk as related to an element pattern in hair, Trace Elem Med, 1987;4(3):131-133.
• Smith, H, The interpretation of the arsenic content in human hair, J Forens Sci Soc, 1964;4:192-99.
• Sobol, AE, et al, The Biochemical behavior of lead, Influence of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D on lead in blood and bone, J Biol Chem.; 1939;128:239-265.
• Solarska, K., et al., Concentration of Magnesium in Hair of Inhabitants of Down-Town Krakow, The Protective Zone of Steel-Mill „Hutaim Sendzimira“ and Tokarania Village. Przel Lek. 1995.
• Sorenson, JFJ et al, Interferences in the Determination of Metallic Elements in Human Hair, Arch Environ Health 1973;27:36-41.
• Soria ML, Sanz P, Martinez D, Lopez-Artiguez M, Garrido R, Grilo A, Repetto M. Total mercury and methylmercury in hair, maternal and umbilical blood, and placenta from women in the Seville area. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1992 Apr; 48(4):494-501.
• Srivastava AK, Gupta BN. The role of human hairs in health and disease with special reference to environmental exposures. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1994 Dec; 36(6):556-60. Review.
• Steindel SJ, Howanitz PJ. The uncertainty of hair analysis for trace metals. JAMA. 2001 Jan. 3; 285(1):83-5. Editorial.
• Stephenson J. X-ray analysis of hair reveals breast cancer. JAMA. 1999 May 5 ;281(17):1578-9.
• Stevens, B.J., Determination of Aluminum, Copper, and Zinc in Human Hair. Atomic Spectroscopy, 1983.
• Stoch, MD and SMythe, PM, Does undernutrition during infancy inhibit brain growth and subsequent intellectual development?, Arch Disease Child., 1963;38:546-552.
• Strain, WH , Hair analysis for the observation of magnesium deficiency or excess, in Magnesium in Health and Disease. Spectrum Pub. 1980.
• Strain, WH, et. al., Analysis of zinc levels in hair for the diagnosis of zinc deficiency in man, J Lab Clin Med., 1966;68(2):244–249.
• Strain, WH, Head hair analysis for study of aging, AGE, 1978;1(2):77.
• Strain, WH, Pories, A.,Hill, O., Trace element nutriture and metabolism through head hair analysis“, from Trace Substances in Environmental Health, Ed. By Hemphill, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO,1972, 1974.
• Stuempler, RE, et al, Hair mineral analysis and disruptive behavior in clinically normal young men, J Learning Disabilities, 1985;18(10)609-612.
• Suzuki T, Matsubara-Khan J, Matsuda A, Measurement of mercury in human hair, Arch Environ Health, 1974;28(3):139–144.
• Suzuki T. Hair and nails: advantages and pitfalls when used in biological monitoring. In: Clarkson TW, Friberg L, Nordberg GF, Sager PR, eds. Biological Monitoring of Toxic Metals. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1988:623-640.
• Suzuki, T, An acute mercuric mercury poisoning: Chemical speciation of hair mercury shows a peak of inorganic mercury value, Human Exper Toxic, 1992;11(1):53-57.
• Suzuki, T, et al., Effects of Long-Term Anticonvulsants Therapy on Copper, Zinc, and Magnesium in Hair and Serum of Epileptics. J. Biol. Psychiatry. 1992;31(6):571-581.
• Takeuchi T, Nakano Y, Aoki A, Ohmori S, Kasuya M. Elemental concentrations in hair of inhabitants of a cadmium-polluted area. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1990 Jul-Dec; 26-27:263-8.
• Tamari, GM, Rona, Z, Hair mineral levels and their correlation with abnormal glucose tolerance, Cytobiol Rev., 1985;4:191-196.
• Taneja SK, Mohajan M, Gupta S, Singh KP. Assessment of copper and zinc status in hair and urine of young women descendants of NIDDM parents. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1998; 62:255-64.
• Taylor A. Usefulness of measurements of trace elements in hair. Ann Clin Biochem. 1986;23:364-378.
• Tempero, MM, Serum and hair selenium levels in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, Biol Trace Elem Res., 1984;6.
• Teresa M, Vasconcelos SD, Tavares HMF. Trace element concentrations in blood and hair of young apprentices of a technical-professional school. Sci Total Environ. 1997; 205:189-99.
• Thatcher, R, et al., Effects of low levels of cadmium and lead on cognitive functioning in children, Arch Environ Health 1982;37(3):159-66.
• Thatcher, RW, Evoked potentials related to hair cadmium and lead in children, Annals NYAcad Sci, 1984;425:384-90.
• Thatcher, RW, Intelligence and lead toxins in rural children, J Learn Disab., 1983;6.
• Thimaya, S, and Ganapathy, SN, Selenium in human hair in relation to age, diet, pathological condition and serum levels, Sci Tot Environ., 1982; 24:41-49.
• Thompson, ABR et al, Interrelation of intestinal transport system for manganese and iron, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1971; 78: 642-655.
• Thorne BM, Donohoe T, Lin KN, Lyon S, Medeiros DM, Weaver ML. Aluminum ingestion and behavior in the Long-Evans rat, Physiol Behav., 1986;36:63-67.
• Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, 4th ed, W.B. Saunders Co; 1996:773-828.
• Tracqui A, Bosque MA, Costa V, Kintz P, Siegel F, Mangin P. Lack of relationship between hair lead levels and some usual markers (blood lead levels, ZPP, urinary ALA-D) in occupationally exposed workers. Ann Biol Clin (Paris). 1994; 52(11):769-73.
• Trinchi, V et al., Emission spectrophotometric analysis of titanium, aluminum, and vanadium levels in the blood, urine, and hair of patients with total hip replacement, Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1992;18(3):331-9.
• Tshiashala MD, Kabengele K, Lumu BM. Trace element determination in scalp hair of people working at a copper smelter. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1990 Jul-Dec; 26-7:287-94.
• Tucek, J, Contribution to the problem of environmental contamination with mercury, And. Immunology, 1981;25(4): 354-363.
• Tucker, DM et al, Iron status and brain function, Am J Clin Nutr., 1984;39:105-113.
• Tuthill, RW, Hair lead levels related to children’s classroom attention-deficit behavior, Arch Environ Health, 1996;51(3):214-20.
• Tuttle, WW, Daum, K and Larsen, R et al, Effect on school boys of omitting breakfast: Physiologic responses, attitudes and scholastic attainment, J Am Dietetic Assn., 1954;30:674-677.
• United States Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, Methyl mercury, http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0073.htm
• United States Federal Laboratory Requirements, 42 (CFR) 1999493.801,493.803 and 493.1709.
• Valentine JL, King HK, Spivey G. Arsenic levels in human blood, urine, and hair in response to exposure via drinking water. Environ Res. 1979; 20:24-32.
• Valentine, JL, Kang, HK, Spivey, G.: Selenium Levels in Human Blood, Urine and Hair in Response to Exposure via Drinking Water, Environ. Res. 1978; 17: 347-355.
• Van den Berg AJ, de Bruin M, Hortman JPW. Sorption behavior of trace elements in human hair. In: Nuclear Activation Techniques in the Life Sciences. Vienna, IAEA; 1967:661-74.
• Van den Berg AJ, de Geoij JJM, Houtman JPW et al. Arsenic content of human hair after washing as determined by activation analysis. In: DeVoe JR, ed. Modern Trends in Activation Analysis, Vol. I. Washington, DC: NBS; 1968:272-82.
• Vance DE, Ehmann WD, Markesbery WR. Trace element content in fingernails and hair of a nonindustrialized US control population. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1988 Sep-Dec; 17:109-21.
• Varkonyi, A, et al., Determination of hair trace elements in childhood celiac disease and in cystic fibrosis, Acta Paediatr Hung., 1992;32(2):159-65.
• Vaughan, GT, Florence, TM, Platinum in the human diet, blood, hair and excreta, Sci Tot Environ. 1992;111(1):47-58.
• Vienna A, Capucci E, Wolfsperger M, Hauser G. Heavy metal concentration in hair of students in Rome. Anthropol Anz. 1995 Mar; 53(1):27-32.
• Viovanoli-Jakubczak, T, Measurement of mercury in human hair, Arch Environ Health, 1974;28, March.
• Vir SC, Love AHG. Zinc and copper nutritive of women taking oral contraceptive agents. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981 34:1479-83.
• Vivoli, G, et al., Relationship between zinc in serum and hair and some hormones during sexual maturation in humans, Sci Tot Environ, 1990;95:29-40.
• Vobecky, J et al., Hair and urine chromium content in 30 hospitalized female psychogeriatric patients and mentally healthy controls, Nutr Reports Intl., 1980;22(1):49-55.
• Walker, M, Excessive tissue manganese as a cause of anti-social behavior, Townsend Let For Doctors, 1994, December:1328-1334.
• Walsh, W, Can the predisposition to violence hang on a hair?. Also, Hair tells violence bent?, Medical Tribune, 1984;25(21), 7/25/84.
• Wang, CT, et al., Studies on the concentrations of arsenic, selenium, copper, zinc and iron in the hair of blackfoot disease patients in different clinical stages, Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem, 1994;32(3):107-11.
• Wang, YX, et al., Study on the relation of selenium, manganese, iron, strontium, lead, zinc, copper, and calcium to liver cancer mortality from analysis of scalp hair, Sci Tot Environ., 1990.
• Watt F, Landsberg J, Powell JJ, Ede RJ, Thompson RP, Cargnello JA. Analysis of copper and lead in hair using the nuclear microscope; results from normal subjects, and patients with Wilson’s disease and lead poisoning. Analyst. 1995 Mar; 120(3):789-91.
• Watts D., Nutrient interrelationships: minerals-vitamins-endocrines, Dig Chiro Econ., 1989;Jan-Feb:67-76.
• Webb, TE, Oski, FA, Behavioral status of young adolescents with iron deficiency anemia, J Spec Educ., 1974;8(2):153-156.
• Weber, CW et al., Trace elements in the hair of healthy and malnourished children, J Trop Pediatr, 1990;36(5):230-234.
• Weiss, B, Behavioral toxicology and environmental health science. Opportunity and challenge for psychology, Am Psychologist,1983;38(11):1174-87.
• Well Mind Assoc. News, Significant quotes about manganese, March 1987.
• Wennig R. Potential problems with the interpretation of hair analysis results. Forensic Sci Int. 2000 Jan 10; 107(1-3):5-12. Review.
• Wessel, D, Hair as history: advantages seen in new methods for drug testing, Wall St J., 1987, Friday, May 22.
• Whanger, PD, Cadmium effects in rats on tissue iron, selenium, and blood pressure: blood and hair cadmium in some Oregon residents, Environ Health Perspectives, 1979;28:115-121.
• Wheatley, B, Paradis, S, Exposure of Canadian aboriginal peoples to methylmercury, J Water Air Soil Pollution, 1995;80(1-4).
• Wibowo AE, Herber RM, Das HA, Roeleveld N, Zielhuis RL, The feasibility of using lead in hair concentration in monitoring environmental exposure in children, J Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 1980;46(3).
• Wilhelm M, Idel H. Hair analysis in environmental medicine. Zeutralblatt for Hygiene Umweltmedizin. 1996 Jul; 198(6):485-501. Review.
• Wilhelm M, Lombeck I, Hafner D, Ohnesorge FK. Hair lead levels in young children from the FRG. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis. 1989 Sep; 3(3):165-70.
• Wilhelm M, Ohnesorge FK, Hotzel D. Cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc concentrations in human scalp and pubic hair. Sci Total Environ. 1990 Mar; 92:199-206.
• Wilhelm M, Lombeck I, Ohnesorge FK. Cadmium, copper, lead and zinc concentrations in hair and toenails of young children and family members: a follow-up study. Sci Total Environ. 1994 Jan 25; 141(1-3):275-80.
• Wilhelm M, Scalp hair as an indicator of aluminum exposure: comparison to bone and plasma, Hum Toxicol., 1989;8(1):5-9.
• Wilhelm, M et al., Monitoring of cadmium, copper, and lead and zinc status in young children using toenails: Comparison with scalp hair, SciTot Environ., 1991;103(2-3):199-207.
• Wilhelm, M et al., Uptake of aluminum, cadmium, copper, lead and zinc by human scalp hair and elution or the adsorbed metals, J Anal Toxicol, 1989;13:17-21.
• Williams, G, Hair Raising Science, Omni magazine, November 1988:59-112.
• Wolff, M, Mercury toxicity and dental amalgam, Neurotoxicology, 1983;4 (3):201-204.
• Wolfsperger M, Hauser G, Gossler W, Schlagenhaufen C. Heavy metals in human hair samples from Austria and Italy: influence of sex and smoking habits. Sci Total Environ. 1994 Dec 1; 156(3):235-42.
• Wood RJ. Assessment of marginal zinc status in human. J Nutr 2000; 130:135S-1354S.
• World Health Organization (WHO), Biological monitoring of metals, Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 1994.
• World Health Organization Expert Committee: Trace Elements in Human Nutrition, WHO Tech. Rep. Ser. 1973; 532.
• Wysocki, AA, Hair As an indicator of the calcium and phosphorus status of ponies, J Animal Sci., 32:1.
• Yamamoto R, Suzuki T. Effects of artificial hair-waving on hair mercury values. Int Arch Occup Environ Hlth. 1978; 42:1-9.
• Yamauchi H, Takahashi K, Mashiko M, Yamamura Y. Biological monitoring of arsenic exposure of gallium arsenide- and inorganic arsenic-exposed workers by determination of inorganic arsenic and its metabolites in urine and hair. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1989 Nov; 50(11):606-12.
• Yokel, RA, Hair as an indicator of excessive aluminum exposure, Clin Chem., 1982;28:662-665.
• Yoshinaga J, Imai H, Nakazawa M, Suzuki T, Morita M. Lack of significantly positive correlations between elemental concentrations in hair and in organs. Sci Total Environ. 1990 Dec 1; 99(1-2):125-35.
• Young EG, Rice FAH: On the occurrence of arsenic in human hair and its medicological significance. J Lab Clin Med. 1944; 29:439-46.
• Zareba G, Goldsmith LA, Clarkson TW. Application of hair analysis for biological monitoring of toxic substances in space. SAE Technical Paper Series 932095, Warrendale, PA. 1993.
• Zeng L, Pang H, Liu C. [Analysis of human hair lead and zinc during various physiological periods]. Chung Hua Yu Fang I Hsueh Tsa Chih. 1996 Jul; 30(4):213-6. Chinese.
• Zhang F, Bi S, Zhang J, Bian N, Lui F, Yang Y. Differential pulse voltametric indirect determination of aluminum in drinking waters, blood, urine, hair, and medicament samples using L-dopa under alkaline conditions. Analyst. 2000; 125:1299-302.
• Zhuang GS, Wang YS, Tan MG, Zhi M, Pan WQ, Cheng YD. Preliminary study of the distribution of the toxic elements As, Cd, and Hg in human hair and tissues by RNAA. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1990 Jul-Dec; 26-27:729-36.
• Zhuk, L et al., Mapping technique based on elemental hair composition and data, Biol Trace Elem Res., 1990;26-27:307-320.